All blog posts

Learn what electrolytes are, how they conduct electricity, and why they are essential in IB Chemistry.

Learn what the ideal gas equation is, how each variable works, and how to use PV=nRT in IB Chemistry calculations.

Learn how Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy determine whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous.

Learn what hydrogen bonding is, why it is the strongest intermolecular force, and how it affects boiling points, solubility, and structure in IB Chemistry.

Learn what isomerism is, why molecules with the same formula differ, and how IB Chemistry classifies structural and stereoisomers.

Learn what electrophilic addition is, how alkenes react with electrophiles, and why this mechanism is essential in IB Chemistry.

Learn what the molecular ion peak represents, how it forms, and how to interpret it in IB Chemistry.

Learn what the critical point is, why liquids and gases become indistinguishable, and how this concept appears in IB Chemistry phase diagrams.

Learn what molar mass is, how to calculate it, and why it is essential for stoichiometry and mole calculations in IB Chemistry.

Learn what biodegradable materials are, how they break down, and why they matter in chemistry and environmental science.

Learn what an empirical formula is and how to calculate it step-by-step, with examples and tips for IB Chemistry success.

Learn what stereoisomers are, why identical formulas can differ in 3D arrangement, and how cis–trans and optical isomerism work in IB Chemistry.

Learn the difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, how each works, and where they appear in IB Chemistry.

Learn what resonance is, why some molecules need multiple structures, and how resonance improves stability in IB Chemistry.

Learn what dehydrating agents are, how they work, and why they are essential in organic and inorganic reactions for IB Chemistry.

Learn what ligand exchange is, how ligands replace each other in transition metal complexes, and why this process changes color and stability.

Learn what the Beer–Lambert law is, how absorbance relates to concentration, and why it is essential in IB Chemistry quantitative analysis.

Learn what chelation is, how multidentate ligands bind metals, and why chelate complexes are more stable in IB Chemistry.

Learn what nuclear binding energy is, why it stabilizes the nucleus, and how it relates to mass defect in IB Chemistry.

Learn what standard enthalpy of formation means, how it’s defined, and how to use it in IB Chemistry calculations.

Learn what Hess’s law states, why it works, and how to use it to calculate enthalpy changes in IB Chemistry.