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Learn what mass defect is, why nuclei weigh less than their particles, and how this difference relates to nuclear energy in IB Chemistry.

Learn what bond order is, how to calculate it, and why it affects bond length, strength, and stability in IB Chemistry.

Learn what green chemistry is, why it matters, and how it promotes safer, more sustainable chemical processes in IB Chemistry.

Learn how electronegativity differences create polar and non-polar bonds, with clear IB Chemistry examples and tips.

Learn what a phase diagram is, how to read its lines and points, and why it is essential for understanding states of matter in IB Chemistry.

Learn what an electrolyte solution is, how it conducts electricity, and why electrolytes matter in IB Chemistry.

Learn what a limiting reagent is, how to identify it, and how it determines product amounts in chemical reactions.

Learn how acid–base indicators change color, what determines their pH ranges, and how IB Chemistry explains indicator behavior.

Learn what complex ions are, how ligands bond to metal ions, and why complex ions are central to IB transition metal chemistry.

Learn what electron affinity is, how atoms gain electrons, and why electron affinity shows clear periodic trends in IB Chemistry.

Learn collision theory, the conditions for successful collisions, and how temperature, concentration, and catalysts affect reaction rate.

Learn what periodicity is, how repeating trends appear across the periodic table, and why these trends matter in IB Chemistry.

Learn what biodegradable polymers are, how they break down, and why they matter in IB Chemistry and environmental science.

Learn what deposition is, why gases can turn directly into solids, and how this phase change relates to intermolecular forces in IB Chemistry.

Learn what coordination number is, how it determines complex ion geometry, and why it matters in IB Chemistry transition metal topics.

Learn what octane rating means, why fuels have different ratings, and how octane relates to engine performance in IB Chemistry.

Learn what the triple point is, why all three states of matter coexist, and how this concept is used in IB Chemistry phase diagrams.

Learn what polymer cracking is, why long-chain hydrocarbons are broken into smaller molecules, and how this process is used in IB Chemistry.

Learn what dipole–dipole forces are, why they occur in polar molecules, and how they affect boiling points and solubility in IB Chemistry.

Learn how hydrogen bonds raise boiling points and why this intermolecular force is important in IB Chemistry.

Learn what complete combustion produces, why oxygen supply matters, and how this relates to IB Chemistry energetics.