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Learn what percent yield is, how to calculate it, and why actual yield differs from theoretical yield in IB Chemistry.

Learn what hybridization is, how sp, sp², and sp³ orbitals form, and how hybridization determines molecular geometry in IB Chemistry.

Learn what bond enthalpy is, how it’s measured, and how to calculate enthalpy changes using average bond energies.

Learn what electronegativity difference is, how it determines bond type, and why it matters in IB Chemistry bonding and polarity.

Learn what chromatography is used for, how it separates mixtures, and why it is essential in IB Chemistry for analysis and identification.

Learn what standard state means, how it’s defined, and why it matters for enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.

Learn what a coordinate (dative) bond is, how it forms, and why it is important in IB Chemistry bonding and complex ions.

Learn what a fuel cell is, how it converts chemical energy into electricity, and why fuel cells are important in IB Chemistry.

Learn what structural isomers are, how they differ, and how IB Chemistry classifies chain, position, and functional group isomers.

Learn what reforming is, why hydrocarbons are rearranged, and how this process improves fuel quality in IB Chemistry.

Learn why graphite conducts electricity, how its structure enables electron movement, and how this relates to IB Chemistry bonding concepts.

Learn what vaporization is, why liquids turn into gases, and how vaporization links to intermolecular forces in IB Chemistry.

Learn what rate of reaction means, how it’s measured, and the factors that affect reaction rate in IB Chemistry.

Learn what radioactivity is, why unstable nuclei decay, and how radioactive emissions work in IB Chemistry.

Learn what molar absorptivity is, how it affects absorbance, and why it is essential for Beer–Lambert law calculations in IB Chemistry.

Learn how metallic bonding works, why metals conduct electricity, and how to explain it clearly in IB Chemistry.

Learn how titration works, why it’s used, and the steps needed to perform accurate acid–base titrations in IB Chemistry.

Learn what thermal decomposition is, why heat breaks compounds apart, and how this process appears in IB Chemistry reactions.

Learn what Le Chatelier’s Principle predicts, how equilibrium shifts occur, and how to apply it confidently in IB Chemistry.

Learn what Gibbs free energy means, how to calculate ΔG, and how it predicts reaction spontaneity in IB Chemistry.

Learn why salt bridges are essential in galvanic cells and how they maintain charge balance for continuous electron flow.