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The impact of Japanese nationalism and militarism on foreign policy
Japanese expansion in East Asia - Causes of expansion
Japanese expansion in East Asia - Events and Responses
German and Italian Expansion (1933-1940) - Causes of expansion
German expansion - Events and Responses
Italian expansion - Events and Responses
Civil rights movement in the United States - Nature and characteristics of discrimination
Civil rights movement in the United States - Protests and action
Civil rights movement in the United States - The role and significance of key actors/groups
Apartheid South Africa - Nature and characteristics of discrimination
Apartheid South Africa - Protests and action
Apartheid South Africa - The role and significance of key actors/groups
Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500–1750)
Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - Causes of conflicts
Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - Practices and impact on outcome
Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - Effects
Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - Causes of conflicts
Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - Practices and impact on outcome
Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - Effects
Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - Causes of conflicts
Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - Practices and impact on outcome
Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - Effects
Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - Causes of conflicts
Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - Practices and impact on outcome
Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - Effects
Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - Causes of conflicts
Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - Practices and impact on outcome
Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - Effects
Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - Causes of conflicts
Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - Practices and impact on outcome
Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - Effects
Pueblo Revolt (1680) - Causes of conflicts
Pueblo Revolt (1680) - Practices and impact on outcome
Pueblo Revolt (1680) - Effects
Mughal conquests - Causes of conflicts
Mughal conquests - Practices and impact on outcome
Mughal conquests - Effects
Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - Causes of conflicts
Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - Practices and impact on outcome
Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - Effects
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - Causes of conflicts
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - Practices and impact on outcome
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - Effects
Qing conquest of Ming China - Causes of conflicts
Qing conquest of Ming China - Practices and impact on outcome
Qing conquest of Ming China - Effects
Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - Causes of conflicts
Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - Practices and impact on outcome
Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - Effects
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Causes of conflicts
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Practices and impact on outcome
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Effects
Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Causes of conflicts
Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Practices and impact on outcome
Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Effects
Great Northern War (1700-1721) - Causes of conflicts
Great Northern War (1700-1721) - Practices and impact on outcome
Great Northern War (1700-1721) - Effects
English Civil War (1642-1651) - Causes of conflicts
English Civil War (1642-1651) - Practices and impact on outcome
English Civil War (1642-1651) - Effects
Section 1: Monarchies in England and France (1066–1223)
Section 2: Muslims and Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)
Section 3: Late Medieval Political Crises (1300–1487)
Section 4: The Renaissance (c1400–1600)
Section 5: The Age of Exploration and Its Impact (1400–1550)
Section 6: Aspects of the Reformation (c1500–1563)
Section 7: Absolutism and Enlightenment (1650–1800)
Section 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)
Section 9: France (1815–1914)
Section 10: Society, Politics & Economy in Britain and Ireland (1815–1914)
Section 11: Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)
Section 12: Imperial Russia, Revolution and the Establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–1924)
Section 13: Europe and the First World War (1871–1918)
Section 14: Inter-war Domestic Developments in European states (1918–1939)
Section 15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)
Section 16: The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)
Section 17: Post-War Western and Northern Europe (1945–2000)
Section 18: Post-War Central and Eastern Europe (1945–2000)
Section 1: Indigenous societies and cultures in the Americas (c750–1500)
Section 2: European explorations and conquests in the Americas (c1492–c1600)
Section 3: Colonial government in the New World (1500–1800)
Section 4: Religion in the New World (1500–1800)
Section 5: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)
Section 6: Independence Movements (1763–1830)
Section 7: Nation-building and Challenges (1780–1870)
Section 8: US Civil War (1840–1877)
Section 9: The Development of Modern Nations (1865–1929)
Section 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)
Section 11: The Mexican Revolution (1884–1940)
Section 12: The Great Depression and the Americas (mid 1920s–1939)
Section 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)
Section 14: Political Developments in Latin America (1945–1980)
Section 15: Political developments in the United States (1945–1980) and Canada (1945–1982)
Section 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)
Section 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945
Section 18: The Americas (1980–2005)
Paper 3 - History of Africa and the Middle East
Section 1: Trade & Exchange: The Silk Road in the Medieval World
Section 2: Japan in the Age of the Samurai (1180–1333)
Section 3: Exploration, trade and interaction in East Asia & South-East Asia (1405–1700)
Section 4: The Rise & Fall of the Mughal Empire (1526–1712)
Section 5: Colonialism and Nationalism in South-East Asia
Section 6: India, Afghanistan and Burma (1750–1919)
Section 7: Challenges to Traditional East Asian Societies (1700–1868)
Section 8: British Colonialism & Emerging National Identities in Oceania (1788–1919)
Section 9: Early Modernization & Imperial Decline in East Asia (1860–1912)
Section 10: Nationalism & Independence in India (1919–1964)
Section 11: Japan (1912–1990)
Section 12: China and Korea (1910–1950)
Section 13: Impact of the Second World War on South-East Asia
Section 14: The People’s Republic of China (1949–2005)
Section 15: Cold War Conflicts in Asia
Section 16: Developments and Challenges in South Asia after 1947
Section 17: Oceania after the Second World War (1945–2005)
Section 18: Asia (excluding China, Japan and India) (1980–2005)
Brezhnev Doctrine
The Brezhnev Doctrine was the Soviet policy (articulated after the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia) asserting Moscow's right to intervene militarily in any socialist state where socialism was deemed under threat. It effectively limited the sovereignty of all Warsaw Pact members until renounced by Gorbachev in 1988.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Soviet foreign policy doctrine (from 1968) asserting the right to intervene militarily in any socialist state where socialism was threatened. Used to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) and later Afghanistan (1979).
Perestroika
Economic reform policy designed to restructure the Soviet economy by introducing market-like changes.
Sinatra Doctrine
The informal name for Gorbachev's policy of allowing Eastern European states to determine their own political direction without Soviet military intervention. It replaced the Brezhnev Doctrine and was named after Frank Sinatra's song "My Way".