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Appeasement
A diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict, most associated with British policy towards Nazi Germany in the 1930s.
Article 48
emergency powers that allowed rule by decree
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the consolidation of power in a single leader or small group, limited political pluralism, repression of dissent, and little to no accountability to the public.
Collectivisation
The policy of consolidating individual landholdings and labour into collective farms, implemented most notably by Stalin in the Soviet Union from 1929, often through coercion and force.
Enabling Act (1933)
The law passed on 23 March 1933 that allowed Hitler's government to enact laws without Reichstag approval for four years. It effectively ended democratic governance in Germany and provided the legal foundation for Nazi dictatorship.
Fascism
A far-right, authoritarian political ideology characterised by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
Gleichschaltung
The Nazi process of 'coordination' or 'bringing into line', through which all aspects of German political, social, and cultural life were brought under Nazi Party control after 1933.
Holodomor
Holodomor ("death by hunger") refers to the 1932-1933 famine in Soviet Ukraine that killed millions. Many historians and governments recognise it as a deliberate act of genocide by the Stalin regime.
Hyperinflation
extremely rapid loss of a currency’s value
Propaganda
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view. States use propaganda through media, education, and public events to shape public opinion.
Proportional representation
parliamentary seats awarded based on vote share
Reparations
payments made for war damage
Totalitarianism
A system of government in which the state holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life, including political, economic, and cultural domains.
Weimar Republic
The democratic government of Germany from 1919 to 1933, established after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Named after the city of Weimar where its constitution was drafted, it was marked by political instability, economic crises, and ultimately replaced by the Nazi dictatorship.