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Assimilation
Policy expecting migrants or minorities to adopt majority culture.
Big Stick Diplomacy
President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy approach advocating peaceful negotiation backed by the threat of military strength—summed up by the phrase “speak softly and carry a big stick.”
Booker T. Washington
An influential African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance as the path to racial progress, founding the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
Economic Nationalism
A policy emphasizing domestic production and reduced dependence on foreign trade, especially during global disruptions.
Export-Dependent Economies
Economies that rely heavily on selling raw materials or agricultural goods to foreign markets, making them vulnerable to fluctuations in global demand and prices.
Great Depression (1929)
A worldwide economic collapse that began with the U.S. stock market crash, leading to mass unemployment, bank failures, and a severe decline in global trade throughout the 1930s.
Great Migration (1916–1930)
The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern and midwestern U.S. cities in search of better jobs, education, and freedom from racial discrimination, driven by push factors like violence and pull factors like industrial jobs.
Indigenismo
A political and cultural movement in early twentieth-century Latin America that celebrated Indigenous heritage and called for greater recognition and inclusion of Indigenous peoples in national identity and policy.
Industrialization
the process of developing factories, technology, and large-scale production.
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws enacted in the U.S. South after Reconstruction that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans until the mid-20th century.
Modernization
The process by which societies adopt new technologies, industries, and social structures to achieve economic growth and align with contemporary global standards of development.
Modernization
The process by which societies adopt new technologies, industries, and social structures to achieve economic growth and align with contemporary global standards of development.
National Policy of Canada (Wilfrid Laurier)
An economic and nation-building strategy in late 19th- and early 20th-century Canada promoting western settlement, high protective tariffs, and railway expansion to unify and industrialize the country.
Separatism
The movement of a group seeking independence from a larger political entity to form its own nation.
Social Darwinism
A theory that applied Charles Darwin’s ideas of natural selection to human societies, used to justify racial hierarchy, imperialism, and economic inequality.
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the supreme authority within a state, granting it the power to govern itself without interference from external forces.
Xenophobia
The fear, hatred, or distrust of people from other countries or cultures, often leading to prejudice and discrimination against immigrants or foreigners.