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Home Rule
The policy of granting self-government to Ireland within the United Kingdom, giving Ireland its own parliament to manage domestic affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. Championed by the Irish Parliamentary Party and fiercely opposed by Ulster Unionists, the Third Home Rule Bill (1912) triggered a major crisis.
Industrialization
the process of developing factories, technology, and large-scale production.
Parliament Act 1911
Legislation that removed the House of Lords' absolute veto over bills passed by the Commons, replacing it with a two-year delaying power. Passed after the constitutional crisis triggered by the Lords' rejection of the People's Budget (1909), it fundamentally shifted power to the elected chamber and made Irish Home Rule possible.
Social mobility
Movement of individuals or groups between social classes.
Suffragettes
Members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), founded by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903, who campaigned for women's voting rights through militant direct action, including window-smashing, arson, and hunger strikes. Distinguished from the constitutional suffragists of the NUWSS.
Syndicalism
A revolutionary political ideology that advocated workers seizing control of industries through general strikes and direct action, bypassing parliamentary politics entirely. Influenced by French theorist Georges Sorel and the American IWW, syndicalist ideas shaped British trade union militancy during the Great Unrest (1910-1914).
Universal male suffrage
The right of all adult men to vote regardless of property, wealth, or social status. Introduced in France by the Second Republic in 1848, expanding the electorate from roughly 200,000 to over 9 million.
Universal male suffrage
The right of all adult men to vote in elections regardless of property, wealth, or social status. In France, it was first introduced in 1848 during the Second Republic, expanding the electorate from roughly 200,000 to 9 million men.
Example
The introduction of universal male suffrage in 1848 enabled Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte to win the presidential election with broad rural support, as peasants associated the Bonaparte name with order and national glory.