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Autonomy
Freedom to govern independently without central oversight.
Bahadur Shah
Last significant Mughal emperor before the empire fragmented.
Din-i-Ilahi
A moral-philosophical code introduced by Akbar to promote harmony across religions.
Gunpowder Empire
Term describing empires like the Mughals, Ottomans, and Safavids that relied on firearms to expand power.
Jats
Agricultural community in north India known for frequent uprisings.
Jizya Tax
A tax on non-Muslims under Islamic law, abolished by Akbar.
Mansabdari System
Administrative and military ranking system defining officers’ pay and responsibilities.
Nadir Shah
Persian ruler who invaded India in 1739, marking the symbolic collapse of Mughal prestige.
Plassey (1757)
Battle marking the beginning of British colonial rule in India.
Rajputs
Hindu warrior clans who became key Mughal allies through diplomacy and intermarriage.
Red Fort
Fortified palace in Delhi representing Mughal political and architectural power.
Restoration of Delhi (1555)
The Mughal comeback that paved the way for Akbar’s consolidation.
Sharia Law
Islamic law enforced by Aurangzeb.
Sher Shah Suri
Afghan ruler who briefly overthrew the Mughals and established the Sur Empire (1540–1555).
Sulh-i-kul
Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance and universal peace.
Syncretism
The fusion of different religious traditions into a new, hybrid faith.
Taj Mahal
Monument built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal; symbol of Mughal architectural grandeur.
Timurid Lineage
Refers to Babur’s descent from Timur, giving legitimacy to his rule.
Urdu
Hybrid language formed under Mughal rule, later becoming a major South Asian language.
Zabt System
Land revenue system assessing tax based on average crop yields and prices.