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Alliance Diplomacy:
Strategic partnerships between Indigenous groups and European powers for trade, protection, or military support.
Creoles
American-born descendants of Europeans who sought political and economic independence but often resisted radical social change.
Diplomacy
managing relations between countries
Encomienda system
Spanish labor grant system that gave colonists control over Indigenous labor and land.
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who began France’s claims in North America.
Repartimiento
A later system that replaced encomiendas but still forced Indigenous labor under state supervision.
Requerimiento (1513
A declaration read by Spanish conquistadors to Indigenous peoples, demanding they accept Spanish rule and Christianity or face war and enslavement. It was often used to justify conquest and forced conversion.
Roanoke
Failed English colony known as the “Lost Colony.”
Sea Dogs
English privateers who attacked Spanish ships.
Smallpox
A deadly disease that decimated indigenous populations after European contact.
Tribute
Payment or acknowledgment of submission demanded by a stronger power.