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Autarky
Economic self-sufficiency, where a state aims to produce all goods and resources domestically rather than relying on international trade. Pursued by fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and the USSR.
Autonomy
Ability of regions or communities to manage their own affairs.
Dictatorship
A dictatorship is a form of government where a single person or a small group holds absolute power, with no constitutional limitations or effective political opposition.
Fascism
A far-right, authoritarian political ideology characterised by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
Great Depression
A severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 with the Wall Street Crash and lasted through the 1930s. It caused mass unemployment, collapsed international trade, and destabilised democratic governments, contributing to the rise of extremist movements in Europe.
Legitimacy
The public’s acceptance of a leader’s authority, often earned through wartime experience or moral leadership.
Mare Nostrum
Latin for "Our Sea", referring to the Mediterranean. Mussolini used this term to express his ambition to turn the Mediterranean into an Italian-dominated lake, echoing the Roman Empire's control of the region.
Nationalism
The belief that a people sharing common history, culture, or identity should govern themselves.
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs - the Soviet secret police responsible for political repression, surveillance, running the Gulag system, and enforcing state security from 1934 to 1946.
Propaganda
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view. States use propaganda through media, education, and public events to shape public opinion.