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Civil disobedience
The peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws as a form of protest.
Constitution
A set of fundamental principles or established precedents that form the supreme law of the land, determining how a state or organization is run.
Cripps Mission (1942)
British proposal offering India post-war Dominion status, rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League.
Dominion status
Semi-independent status within the British Commonwealth.
Five-Year Plans
Government-led economic programs to boost industrial and agricultural growth.
Great Depression (1929)
A worldwide economic collapse that began with the U.S. stock market crash, leading to mass unemployment, bank failures, and a severe decline in global trade throughout the 1930s.
Imperialism
the policy of expanding a nation’s power through colonization or military force.
Lahore Resolution (1940)
Official Muslim League resolution demanding the creation of “independent states” for Muslims in north-western and eastern India.
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
An international grouping of states that refused to formally align with either the US-led Western bloc or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc during the Cold War.
Non-Alignment
A foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War, avoiding formal alliances with either the United States or the Soviet Union.
Partition
The division of British India into two independent nations (India and Pakistan) in 1947.
Sati
Hindu ritual in which widows self-immolated on their husbands’ funeral pyres (banned 1829).