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Charter of 1814
A constitutional document issued by Louis XVIII upon the Bourbon Restoration, granting limited civil liberties, a bicameral legislature, and recognition of some revolutionary-era reforms, while preserving royal authority.
Example
The Charter guaranteed equality before the law and religious toleration, but the king retained executive power and could rule by ordinance.
Charter of 1814
A constitutional document issued by Louis XVIII upon his restoration, granting a bicameral legislature, equality before the law, and religious toleration while preserving royal executive authority.
Universal male suffrage
The right of all adult men to vote regardless of property, wealth, or social status. Introduced in France by the Second Republic in 1848, expanding the electorate from roughly 200,000 to over 9 million.
Universal male suffrage
The right of all adult men to vote in elections regardless of property, wealth, or social status. In France, it was first introduced in 1848 during the Second Republic, expanding the electorate from roughly 200,000 to 9 million men.
Example
The introduction of universal male suffrage in 1848 enabled Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte to win the presidential election with broad rural support, as peasants associated the Bonaparte name with order and national glory.