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Batavia
Present-day Jakarta; center of Dutch power in the East Indies.
Buddhism
Remained a unifying moral and cultural force during modernization.
Budi Utomo
First modern Indonesian nationalist organization (1908).
Buffer State
Country situated between two rival powers, preventing direct conflict.
Can Vuong Movement
Vietnamese royalist rebellion against French rule (1885–1896).
Cash Crops
Agricultural products grown for export, such as sugar, coffee, and rubber.
Chakri Dynasty
The royal house that still rules Thailand today, beginning in 1782.
Culture System
System forcing farmers to produce export crops for the Dutch government.
Debt of Honor
Dutch idea that the Netherlands owed social development to the Indonesians after years of exploitation.
Expansionism
U.S. policy of acquiring territories abroad for economic and strategic purposes.
Galleon Trade
Trans-Pacific trade route between Manila and Mexico.
Geopolitics
Influence of geography and international rivalry on a state’s survival.
Governor-General
The top Spanish colonial official in the Philippines.
Ilustrado
Educated Filipino elite class advocating political and social reform.
Industrial Revolution
Period of rapid industrialization in Europe driving global resource demand.
Infrastructure
Railways, ports, and public works built primarily to serve colonial trade.
Katipunan
Secret revolutionary society aiming to overthrow Spanish rule.
Liberal Policy
Economic reform that allowed private companies to invest in the Indies.
Modernization
The process of updating technology, industry, and infrastructure to meet new economic and social needs.
Nacionalista Party
Political party formed in 1907 advocating independence through peaceful means.
Nationalism
Belief in collective national identity and the right to self-determination.
Nguyen Dynasty
Vietnamese royal house kept under nominal authority during French rule.
Peninsulares / Criollos
Spanish-born elites who monopolized wealth and politics.
Phan Boi Chau / Phan Chu Trinh
Early leaders of Vietnamese nationalism advocating independence and reform.