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Activism
Direct and sustained action aimed at promoting or resisting social or political change.
Affirmative Action
Policies designed to increase representation of marginalized groups in education and employment.
Amnesty
A government pardon that allows undocumented immigrants to remain legally in the country under certain conditions.
Assimilation
Policy expecting migrants or minorities to adopt majority culture.
Assimilation
the process of absorbing a minority group into the dominant culture, often by erasing its language and traditions.
Black nationalism
a movement advocating pride, self-determination, and independence for African Americans.
Boycott
A form of protest where people refuse to buy or use certain goods or services to pressure change.
Chicano
A term reclaimed by Mexican Americans in the 1960s to express cultural pride and political identity.
Civil disobedience
The peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws as a form of protest.
Collective rights
Rights held by a group rather than individuals, such as control over land and resources.
Counterculture
A social movement that rejects and opposes dominant cultural norms and values.
Disenfranchisement
The denial or limitation of the right to vote of a particular group/demographic, often through legal restrictions, administrative barriers, and intimidation.
Domesticity
A focus on home and family life, often associated with traditional gender roles.
Due Process Clause
Part of the 14th Amendment that protects individuals from unjust or arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government.
Federal intervention
Government action to enforce laws or protect rights when states refuse to comply.
Grassroots Movement
A movement driven by ordinary people rather than political leaders, often beginning at a local level.
Intersectionality
The interconnected nature of social categories such as race, class, and gender, creating overlapping systems of discrimination.
Second-wave feminism
The feminist movement of the 1960s–1980s that fought for equality in work, education, and social life beyond voting rights.
Segregation
The enforced separation of groups, often by race, in public and private life.
Self-determination
The right of a people to control their own political, cultural, and economic destiny.
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the supreme authority within a state, granting it the power to govern itself without interference from external forces.