IB History Topic Collapse of USSR in Central & Eastern Europe Revision Notes (HL)

IB History Topic Collapse of USSR in Central & Eastern Europe Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

Overview
1. Between 1989 and 1991, communist rule across Central and Eastern Europe unraveled.
2. Reform in the USSR removed the fear of a Soviet crackdown.
3. Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost (openness)
4. Perestroika (restructuring).
5. End of the Brezhnev Doctrine
6. Economic crisis, growing national movements, and rising street protests pushed governments to negotiate, resign, or collapse.
7. By late 1989, Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria had changed course
8. Romania fell violently in December.
9. In 1990–91, the Warsaw Pact dissolved, Germany reunified, and by December 1991 the USSR itself broke apart.
Causes
1. Soviet reform and restraint
  1. Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika exposed failures and encouraged debate
  2. The shift to a “Sinatra Doctrine” (countries free to choose their path) signaled no more Soviet tanks to save local regimes.
2. Chronic economic failure
  1. Shortages, debt, and stagnation undermined legitimacy.
  2. People saw Western prosperity on TV and compared it with empty shops at home.
3. National and civic mobilization
  1. Trade unions (Solidarity in Poland), churches, student groups, and civic forums organized legal and street opposition
  2. National movements (e.g., Baltic states) demanded sovereignty.
4. Information and example effects
  1. Each breakthrough emboldened the next.
  2. The Polish Round Table elections (June 1989) encouraged Hungary’s border opening and reform
  3. Hungary’s moves fueled East German protests

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Overview
1. Between 1989 and 1991, communist rule across Central and Eastern Europe unraveled.
2. Reform in the USSR removed the fear of a Soviet crackdown.
3. Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost (openness)
4. Perestroika (restructuring).
5. End of the Brezhnev Doctrine
6. Economic crisis, growing national movements, and rising street protests pushed governments to negotiate, resign, or collapse.
7. By late 1989, Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria had changed course
8. Romania fell violently in December.
9. In 1990–91, the Warsaw Pact dissolved, Germany reunified, and by December 1991 the USSR itself broke apart.
Causes
1. Soviet reform and restraint
  1. Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika exposed failures and encouraged debate
  2. The shift to a “Sinatra Doctrine” (countries free to choose their path) signaled no more Soviet tanks to save local regimes.
2. Chronic economic failure
  1. Shortages, debt, and stagnation undermined legitimacy.
  2. People saw Western prosperity on TV and compared it with empty shops at home.
3. National and civic mobilization
  1. Trade unions (Solidarity in Poland), churches, student groups, and civic forums organized legal and street opposition
  2. National movements (e.g., Baltic states) demanded sovereignty.
4. Information and example effects
  1. Each breakthrough emboldened the next.
  2. The Polish Round Table elections (June 1989) encouraged Hungary’s border opening and reform
  3. Hungary’s moves fueled East German protests

Definition

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Collapse of USSR in Central & Eastern Europe Notes

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics