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Anti-imperialism
Anti-imperialism is a political stance opposing imperialism, which is the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or economic domination.
Armistice
A formal agreement between warring parties to stop fighting, often to create a temporary truce while a peace treaty is negotiated.
Article 48
emergency powers that allowed rule by decree
Autarky
Economic self-sufficiency, where a state aims to produce all goods and resources domestically rather than relying on international trade. Pursued by fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and the USSR.
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the consolidation of power in a single leader or small group, limited political pluralism, repression of dissent, and little to no accountability to the public.
Autonomy
Freedom to govern independently without central oversight.
Autonomy
Ability of regions or communities to manage their own affairs.
Bolsheviks
Radical Marxist faction led by Lenin that split from the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903, advocating a small, disciplined party of professional revolutionaries to seize power on behalf of the working class.
Censorship
Censorship in Cuba was a systematic government policy designed to eliminate dissent and control all forms of communication, including print, electronic media, arts, and academia.
Centrally planned economy
A centrally planned economy is an economic system in which the government controls production, prices, and distribution of goods, rather than supply and demand in a free market.
Civil liberties
Civil liberties are individual freedoms protected by law.
Coalition Government
A government formed by multiple parties that agree to work together, usually because no single party has won an outright majority in parliament.
Cold War in Asia
Period of ideological rivalry after 1949, shaped by Communist China’s emergence.
Collectivisation
The policy of consolidating individual landholdings and labour into collective farms, implemented most notably by Stalin in the Soviet Union from 1929, often through coercion and force.
Collectivism
A business and social philosophy where the emphasis is on the collective (the company or work group) over the individual
Communism
Political system where the state controls the economy and promotes equality.
Conscription
A government policy that requires eligible citizens to serve in the military, often called a draft.
Constituent Assembly
A Constituent Assembly is a body of elected or appointed representatives convened specifically to draft or adopt a constitution for a new state or political system. In India, the Constituent Assembly (1946-1950) comprised 299 members who drafted the Indian Constitution under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Drafting Committee.
Constitution
A set of fundamental principles or established precedents that form the supreme law of the land, determining how a state or organization is run.
Cooperatives
Groups of peasants pooling land and tools under collective management.
Coup d’état
A coup d'état is the sudden, illegal, and often violent seizure of power from a government by a small group of people, typically the military or other political elites.
Cult of Personality
The use of mass media, propaganda, and state-controlled information to create an idealized and heroic public image of a leader, demanding unquestioning devotion. Stalin's cult portrayed him as an infallible genius and the father of the Soviet nation.
Cultural imperialism
Cultural imperialism is the imposition of cultural elements (values, practices, media) by a dominant power onto a less powerful society, often undermining local traditions and identity.
Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was a campaign launched by Mao Zedong to enforce communist ideology by removing perceived counter-revolutionaries and challenging traditional authority in China.
It caused widespread social upheaval, with students and youth groups (Red Guards) attacking intellectuals, destroying cultural heritage, and disrupting education and industry.