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Amritsar Massacre
British troops opened fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indians
Atlantic Charter (1941)
Agreement between Churchill and Roosevelt promising the right of self-determination, which Indian leaders used to argue for independence.
Communal Award (1932)
British plan granting separate electorates to minority groups, which Gandhi opposed through a fast unto death.
Communal Representation
Electoral system granting separate voting rights to religious groups, institutionalizing division.
Communal Violence
Hostility or conflict between different religious or ethnic communities, often leading to riots.
Communalism
Political mobilization based on religious or ethnic identity, often causing division.
Cripps Mission (1942)
British proposal offering India post-war Dominion status, rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League.
Dyarchy
A system dividing provincial subjects between elected Indian ministers and appointed British officials.
Five-Year Plans
Economic programs aimed at industrial and agricultural development through state-led planning.
Five-Year Plans
Government-led economic programs to boost industrial and agricultural growth.
Imperial Overstretch
The weakening of Britain’s global power due to economic exhaustion after World War II.
Lahore Resolution (1940)
Official Muslim League resolution demanding the creation of “independent states” for Muslims in north-western and eastern India.
Mountbatten Plan (1947)
The final British plan to divide India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan.
Nationalism
The belief that a people sharing common history, culture, or identity should govern themselves.
Non-Alignment
A foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War, avoiding formal alliances with either the United States or the Soviet Union.
Non-Alignment
Foreign policy of not joining either the US or Soviet blocs during the Cold War.
Partition
The division of British India into two independent nations (India and Pakistan) in 1947.
Round Table Conferences
Meetings between British officials and Indian leaders to discuss constitutional reforms for India.
Salt March (1930)
an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India.
Secularism
The principle of separating religion from state affairs, ensuring equal treatment of all faiths.
Separatism
The belief that Muslims and Hindus were distinct political communities that could not coexist in one state.
Simon Commission
A British committee sent to India to recommend political reforms but excluded all Indian representation.
The Rowlatt Acts (1919)
Oppressive British laws in India that allowed the colonial government to imprison any person suspected of sedition or "terrorist activities" for up to two years without a trial or judicial review.
Two-Nation Theory
The idea that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations that could not coexist in one state.