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De facto segregation
Racial separation that exists in practice through social customs, housing patterns, and economic inequality rather than through explicit laws (de jure segregation).
Desegregation
The process of ending the separation of racial groups in public institutions such as schools, transport, and facilities, often enforced through court orders or legislation.
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws enacted in the U.S. South after Reconstruction that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans until the mid-20th century.
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909, which used legal challenges, lobbying, and public campaigns to fight racial discrimination and secure civil rights for African Americans.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) was a Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation by ruling that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional, legally entrenching Jim Crow laws and limiting US democracy.
Segregation
The enforced separation of groups, often by race, in public and private life.
Separate but equal
A legal doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) holding that racial segregation was constitutional as long as the separate facilities provided to each race were equal in quality.