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Chongqing
Wartime capital of the Nationalist government, symbolizing Chinese resistance.
Cold War in Asia
Period of ideological rivalry after 1949, shaped by Communist China’s emergence.
Eighth Route Army
CCP military force operating in northern China under nominal GMD command during the United Front.
Huaihai Campaign (1948–1949)
Decisive battle in central China that destroyed the GMD’s main field army.
Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937)
A clash between Japanese and Chinese troops at Lugouqiao (Marco Polo Bridge) near Beijing on 7 July 1937. A Japanese soldier went missing during a night exercise, and Japan demanded to search the nearby town of Wanping. China refused, and fighting erupted. Japan used the incident to escalate into a full-scale invasion of China, marking the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Marshall Mission (1946)
Failed U.S. diplomatic effort to broker peace between the CCP and GMD.
Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938)
The mass killing, rape, and looting carried out by Japanese troops after capturing Nanjing (China's capital) in December 1937. Over a six-week period, an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were killed. The atrocity was widely reported in Western media and remains one of the most controversial episodes of the war, with ongoing disputes over the death toll between Chinese and Japanese historians.
People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
Communist military force that evolved from guerrilla bands into a national army.
People’s Republic of China (1949)
Communist state founded after the CCP’s victory in the civil war.
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Island refuge of the Nationalist government after 1949, recognized by the U.S. as the legitimate China until the 1970s.