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The impact of Japanese nationalism and militarism on foreign policy
Japanese expansion in East Asia - Causes of expansion
Japanese expansion in East Asia - Events and Responses
German and Italian Expansion (1933-1940) - Causes of expansion
German expansion - Events and Responses
Italian expansion - Events and Responses
Civil rights movement in the United States - Nature and characteristics of discrimination
Civil rights movement in the United States - Protests and action
Civil rights movement in the United States - The role and significance of key actors/groups
Apartheid South Africa - Nature and characteristics of discrimination
Apartheid South Africa - Protests and action
Apartheid South Africa - The role and significance of key actors/groups
Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500–1750)
Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - Causes of conflicts
Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - Practices and impact on outcome
Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - Effects
Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - Causes of conflicts
Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - Practices and impact on outcome
Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - Effects
Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - Causes of conflicts
Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - Practices and impact on outcome
Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - Effects
Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - Causes of conflicts
Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - Practices and impact on outcome
Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - Effects
Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - Causes of conflicts
Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - Practices and impact on outcome
Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - Effects
Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - Causes of conflicts
Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - Practices and impact on outcome
Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - Effects
Pueblo Revolt (1680) - Causes of conflicts
Pueblo Revolt (1680) - Practices and impact on outcome
Pueblo Revolt (1680) - Effects
Mughal conquests - Causes of conflicts
Mughal conquests - Practices and impact on outcome
Mughal conquests - Effects
Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - Causes of conflicts
Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - Practices and impact on outcome
Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - Effects
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - Causes of conflicts
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - Practices and impact on outcome
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - Effects
Qing conquest of Ming China - Causes of conflicts
Qing conquest of Ming China - Practices and impact on outcome
Qing conquest of Ming China - Effects
Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - Causes of conflicts
Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - Practices and impact on outcome
Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - Effects
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Causes of conflicts
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Practices and impact on outcome
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Effects
Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Causes of conflicts
Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Practices and impact on outcome
Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Effects
Great Northern War (1700-1721) - Causes of conflicts
Great Northern War (1700-1721) - Practices and impact on outcome
Great Northern War (1700-1721) - Effects
English Civil War (1642-1651) - Causes of conflicts
English Civil War (1642-1651) - Practices and impact on outcome
English Civil War (1642-1651) - Effects
Section 1: Monarchies in England and France (1066–1223)
Section 2: Muslims and Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)
Section 3: Late Medieval Political Crises (1300–1487)
Section 4: The Renaissance (c1400–1600)
Section 5: The Age of Exploration and Its Impact (1400–1550)
Section 6: Aspects of the Reformation (c1500–1563)
Section 7: Absolutism and Enlightenment (1650–1800)
Section 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)
Section 9: France (1815–1914)
Section 10: Society, Politics & Economy in Britain and Ireland (1815–1914)
Section 11: Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)
Section 12: Imperial Russia, Revolution and the Establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–1924)
Section 13: Europe and the First World War (1871–1918)
Section 14: Inter-war Domestic Developments in European states (1918–1939)
Section 15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)
Section 16: The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)
Section 17: Post-War Western and Northern Europe (1945–2000)
Section 18: Post-War Central and Eastern Europe (1945–2000)
Section 1: Indigenous societies and cultures in the Americas (c750–1500)
Section 2: European explorations and conquests in the Americas (c1492–c1600)
Section 3: Colonial government in the New World (1500–1800)
Section 4: Religion in the New World (1500–1800)
Section 5: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)
Section 6: Independence Movements (1763–1830)
Section 7: Nation-building and Challenges (1780–1870)
Section 8: US Civil War (1840–1877)
Section 9: The Development of Modern Nations (1865–1929)
Section 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)
Section 11: The Mexican Revolution (1884–1940)
Section 12: The Great Depression and the Americas (mid 1920s–1939)
Section 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)
Section 14: Political Developments in Latin America (1945–1980)
Section 15: Political developments in the United States (1945–1980) and Canada (1945–1982)
Section 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)
Section 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945
Section 18: The Americas (1980–2005)
Paper 3 - History of Africa and the Middle East
Section 1: Trade & Exchange: The Silk Road in the Medieval World
Section 2: Japan in the Age of the Samurai (1180–1333)
Section 3: Exploration, trade and interaction in East Asia & South-East Asia (1405–1700)
Section 4: The Rise & Fall of the Mughal Empire (1526–1712)
Section 5: Colonialism and Nationalism in South-East Asia
Section 6: India, Afghanistan and Burma (1750–1919)
Section 7: Challenges to Traditional East Asian Societies (1700–1868)
Section 8: British Colonialism & Emerging National Identities in Oceania (1788–1919)
Section 9: Early Modernization & Imperial Decline in East Asia (1860–1912)
Section 10: Nationalism & Independence in India (1919–1964)
Section 11: Japan (1912–1990)
Section 12: China and Korea (1910–1950)
Section 13: Impact of the Second World War on South-East Asia
Section 14: The People’s Republic of China (1949–2005)
Section 15: Cold War Conflicts in Asia
Section 16: Developments and Challenges in South Asia after 1947
Section 17: Oceania after the Second World War (1945–2005)
Section 18: Asia (excluding China, Japan and India) (1980–2005)
Lebensraum
A German concept meaning 'living space,' used by Hitler to argue that Germany needed to expand eastward to acquire territory for its growing population. It became a central justification for Nazi foreign policy and territorial aggression.
Plebiscite
A direct vote by the entire electorate on a specific political question, often used to legitimise a ruler's authority. Napoleon III used plebiscites in 1851 and 1852 to confirm his coup and the establishment of the Second Empire.
Example
In December 1851, Napoleon III's plebiscite received over 7 million 'yes' votes against fewer than 650,000 'no' votes, lending a democratic veneer to his authoritarian seizure of power.
Plebiscite
A direct vote by the entire electorate on a specific political question, used by Napoleon III to claim democratic legitimacy for authoritarian decisions.