In global politics, interdependence describes a condition in which states and other actors rely on one another economically, politically, or in terms of security. In IB Global Politics, interdependence is treated as a contested concept because it can both encourage cooperation and generate conflict. Whether interdependence leads to stability or tension depends on context, power distribution, and perceptions of vulnerability.
Interdependence can be a strong source of cooperation. When states rely on one another for trade, investment, energy, or security, the cost of conflict increases significantly. Disruption harms all parties involved, creating incentives to resolve disputes peacefully. Economic interdependence, in particular, can promote dialogue, long-term partnerships, and institutional cooperation. Shared interests encourage states to develop rules, agreements, and organizations to manage relationships.
Political and security interdependence also foster cooperation. Transnational threats such as climate change, terrorism, pandemics, and cyber insecurity require collective responses. States recognize that unilateral action is ineffective, making cooperation not just desirable but necessary. In this sense, interdependence encourages multilateralism and shared problem-solving, reinforcing global governance structures.
However, interdependence can also be a source of conflict, especially when it is unequal. Asymmetrical interdependence creates power imbalances, where one state depends more heavily on another. The less dependent actor may exploit this vulnerability through economic pressure, coercion, or strategic leverage. This can generate resentment, mistrust, and political tension rather than cooperation.
Interdependence can also heighten security concerns. States may fear overreliance on external suppliers for critical goods, technology, or energy. These vulnerabilities can be seen as threats to national security, prompting defensive or protectionist policies. In times of crisis, states may seek to reduce interdependence, leading to fragmentation and conflict.
Another factor is perception. Even when interdependence is mutually beneficial, political leaders may frame it as a risk to sovereignty or autonomy. Domestic politics, nationalism, and fear of dependence can transform cooperative relationships into sources of conflict. This shows that interdependence does not automatically produce peaceful outcomes.
For IB Global Politics students, the key is evaluation. Interdependence is neither inherently cooperative nor inherently conflictual. High-level answers recognise that its effects depend on symmetry, trust, institutions, and political choices. Understanding this balance is essential for sophisticated analysis.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Does interdependence always promote peace?
No, interdependence does not guarantee peace. While it raises the cost of conflict, it can also create vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities may be exploited. IB answers should avoid deterministic claims.
How does unequal interdependence cause conflict?
When dependence is unequal, the less dependent actor gains leverage. This can be used coercively. The more dependent state may respond defensively or aggressively. This dynamic is central to IB evaluation.
Why can interdependence increase cooperation?
Interdependence encourages states to protect shared interests. Cooperation reduces risk and instability. Institutions help manage these relationships. This supports long-term stability.
How do domestic politics affect interdependence outcomes?
Domestic narratives can frame interdependence as either beneficial or threatening. Nationalism and protectionism can turn cooperation into conflict. IB answers should consider internal factors.
How should this question be answered in exams?
Students should present both sides clearly before evaluating which is more convincing. Context-specific analysis is essential. A nuanced judgement leads to higher marks.
