Geopolitical risks are a major focus in IB Geography, particularly within the Global Risks and Resilience unit. Geopolitical risk refers to the likelihood that political events, conflicts, or tensions will disrupt global stability, economic systems, or human security. In an increasingly interconnected world, these risks can have far-reaching global consequences.

One of the most significant geopolitical risks is armed conflict. Wars between states or within countries disrupt trade, displace populations, damage infrastructure, and weaken global security. Modern conflicts often involve multiple actors, including regional powers and international organisations, making them complex and difficult to resolve. Conflict zones can also destabilise neighbouring regions through refugee flows and economic disruption.

Power shifts in the global system also create instability. As emerging economies gain influence and traditional powers experience relative decline, competition for global leadership increases. This can lead to tensions over trade, security, and political influence. Rivalries between major powers may result in proxy conflicts, arms races, or diplomatic breakdowns that threaten international cooperation.

Resource-related risks are another major threat to global stability. Competition for scarce resources such as water, energy, and strategic minerals can increase tensions between countries. Shared river basins, energy supply routes, and access to critical raw materials are particularly sensitive. As demand rises and climate change reduces availability, resource conflicts are likely to become more frequent.

Geopolitical risks are also linked to economic instability. Trade disputes, sanctions, and protectionist policies can disrupt global supply chains and financial markets. Economic shocks may spread rapidly through global networks, increasing unemployment, inflation, and social unrest. Countries that are highly dependent on global trade are especially vulnerable to these disruptions.

In IB Geography, political instability within states is also important. Weak governance, corruption, and lack of political representation can increase the risk of conflict and state failure. Fragile states may become hotspots for violence, extremism, or humanitarian crises, which can spill over into regional and global systems.

Geopolitical risks are often interconnected with other global risks, including climate change, pandemics, and technological threats. These overlapping risks can amplify one another, reducing global resilience and increasing vulnerability.

Overall, geopolitical risks threaten global stability by disrupting cooperation, increasing conflict, and undermining economic and social systems. Managing these risks requires diplomacy, international cooperation, and strong global governance.

RevisionDojo helps IB Geography students understand geopolitical risks clearly by linking power, conflict, and global systems into structured, exam-ready explanations.