Globalisation is a central theme in IB Geography, especially within the Power, Places and Networks unit. Globalisation refers to the increasing interconnectedness of countries through flows of trade, capital, people, information, and culture. While globalisation has transformed the world economy, its benefits are unevenly distributed, raising questions about who gains the most.

One major benefit of globalisation is economic growth, particularly for countries that successfully integrate into global markets. Participation in global trade allows countries to specialise, attract foreign investment, and create employment. Some middle-income countries have used globalisation to industrialise rapidly, increase exports, and reduce poverty. Improved access to global markets can raise incomes and living standards when supported by effective governance and investment in education and infrastructure.

Globalisation can also improve access to goods, services, and technology. Global supply chains reduce costs and increase consumer choice. Access to global knowledge networks supports innovation, healthcare improvements, and education. Digital connectivity allows businesses and individuals to participate in global systems regardless of location, creating new economic opportunities.

However, in IB Geography, it is essential to evaluate the limitations of globalisation. Many low-income countries remain marginalised within global networks. They may rely heavily on exporting raw materials or low-value manufactured goods, limiting economic gains. Unequal trade relationships and dependence on global markets can make these countries vulnerable to price fluctuations and external shocks.

Globalisation has also contributed to rising inequality. Within countries, wealth often concentrates in globally connected cities and among skilled workers, while rural areas and low-skilled workers may be left behind. Between countries, high-income economies often gain the most value from global networks, reinforcing global power imbalances.

Environmental impacts further complicate the benefits of globalisation. Increased production, transport, and consumption contribute to resource depletion and climate change. Low-income countries may experience environmental damage from resource extraction and industrial activity while receiving limited economic benefits. This raises concerns about sustainability and environmental justice.

Globalisation can also weaken local cultures and economic independence. Global brands and media may lead to cultural homogenisation, while reliance on global markets can reduce national control over economic decisions. Governments may struggle to regulate powerful global corporations effectively.

Overall, globalisation does not benefit all countries equally. While it offers opportunities for growth, development, and connectivity, these benefits depend on a country’s ability to manage risks, invest in people, and regulate global forces effectively.

RevisionDojo helps IB Geography students evaluate globalisation critically, balancing advantages and disadvantages to produce high-level, well-structured exam responses.