Ageing populations are an increasingly important topic in IB Geography, particularly within the Changing Population unit. An ageing population occurs when the proportion of elderly people (typically aged 65 and over) increases relative to the working-age population. This trend is most common in high-income countries and has significant social and economic consequences.

One of the main social impacts of ageing populations is increased pressure on healthcare systems. Older populations tend to require more medical care, long-term treatment, and specialist services. Governments must invest heavily in hospitals, healthcare professionals, and elderly care facilities. This can strain public finances and reduce funding available for other services such as education.

Another social impact is changing family structures. As people live longer and have fewer children, families become smaller and more geographically dispersed. Elderly individuals may live alone or depend on social care rather than family support. This can increase social isolation and raise concerns about mental health and well-being among older populations.

Economically, ageing populations place pressure on pension systems. In many countries, pensions are funded by taxes paid by the working population. As the number of retirees increases and the workforce shrinks, fewer workers are supporting more pensioners. This creates long-term sustainability issues and may require governments to raise taxes, increase the retirement age, or reduce pension benefits.

A shrinking workforce can also limit economic growth. Fewer working-age people can lead to labour shortages, reduced productivity, and slower economic expansion. Some countries respond by encouraging immigration, increasing female participation in the workforce, or investing in automation and technology to maintain productivity levels.

However, ageing populations can also create economic opportunities. The “silver economy” refers to industries that provide goods and services for older people, including healthcare, leisure, housing, and technology. Older populations may also contribute through volunteering, part-time work, and childcare, supporting social cohesion.

In IB Geography, ageing populations are often linked to the Demographic Transition Model, particularly Stages 4 and 5. Exam answers should balance challenges with opportunities and use clear examples to show understanding.

RevisionDojo helps IB Geography students analyse ageing populations effectively by connecting demographic trends to development, policy responses, and exam-style evaluation, ensuring well-structured and balanced answers.