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Student Questions

Physics

A.5 Galilean and special relativity (HL only)

What Is the Space-Time Interval and Why Is It Invariant?

Learn how the space-time interval combines time and distance, why Lorentz transformations leave it unchanged, and how it is tested in IB Physics HL.

A.5 Galilean and special relativity (HL only)

What Is the Relativity of Simultaneity?

Learn why simultaneous events in one inertial frame occur at different times in another, using Lorentz transformations for IB Physics HL exams.

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A.5 Galilean and special relativity (HL only)

How Do You Read a Space-Time Diagram?

Learn how to read IB Physics space-time diagrams using events, world lines, light paths, simultaneity, velocity, and causally connected regions.

A.5 Galilean and special relativity (HL only)

What Is Time Dilation and How Do You Calculate It?

Learn what time dilation means, identify proper time, calculate the Lorentz factor, and avoid common errors in IB Physics HL relativity exam questions.

A.5 Galilean and special relativity (HL only)

What's the Difference Between Proper Time and Proper Length?

Learn how proper time and proper length differ in IB Physics HL, including reference-frame conditions, Lorentz equations, and exam examples.

A.5 Galilean and special relativity (HL only)

What Are the Lorentz Transformation Equations?

Learn the Lorentz transformation equations for IB Physics HL, including reference frames, the Lorentz factor, inverse equations, and exam use.

A.5 Galilean and special relativity (HL only)

What Is the Relativistic Velocity Addition Equation?

Learn the IB Physics HL relativistic velocity addition equation, its sign conventions, why speeds remain below c, and how to apply it in exam calculations.

A.5 Galilean and special relativity (HL only)

What Is Galilean Relativity?

Learn how Galilean relativity connects measurements in inertial frames through coordinate and velocity transformations, with an IB Physics HL example.

A.4 Rigid body mechanics (HL only)

How Do You Calculate Rotational Kinetic Energy?

Learn to calculate rotational kinetic energy from moment of inertia and angular speed, with a worked IB Physics HL example and focused exam advice.

A.4 Rigid body mechanics (HL only)

What Is Newton's Second Law for Rotation (τ = Iα)?

Learn how resultant torque, moment of inertia and angular acceleration are linked by Newton's second law for rotation in IB Physics HL, with an example.

A.4 Rigid body mechanics (HL only)

How Do You Calculate Moment of Inertia for a System of Point Masses?

Learn the IB Physics HL method for calculating moment of inertia for point masses, with axis choice, a worked example, correct units, and exam tips.

A.3 Work, energy and power

How Do You Calculate Work Done by a Force (W = Fs cos θ)?

Learn to calculate work done by a constant force using W = Fs cos θ, including force components, work signs, units, and an IB Physics example.

A.4 Rigid body mechanics (HL only)

What Does It Mean for a Body to Be in Rotational Equilibrium?

Learn how zero resultant torque defines rotational equilibrium, how clockwise and anticlockwise moments balance, and what IB Physics HL exams expect.

A.4 Rigid body mechanics (HL only)

What Are the Equations of Motion for Uniform Angular Acceleration?

Learn the four IB Physics HL equations for uniform angular acceleration, their conditions, variables, and use in rigid body mechanics exam questions.

A.4 Rigid body mechanics (HL only)

What Is Torque and How Do You Calculate It?

Learn what torque means in IB Physics HL, how to calculate it using force and perpendicular distance, and how to apply signs in equilibrium problems.

A.3 Work, energy and power

How Do You Calculate Power (Rate of Work Done)?

Learn how to calculate power from work and time or force and velocity, with worked IB Physics examples, units, misconceptions, and exam tips.

A.3 Work, energy and power

How Do You Calculate the Efficiency of a Machine or Energy Transfer?

Learn how to calculate machine and energy-transfer efficiency using useful energy or power, with worked IB Physics examples and exam advice.

A.3 Work, energy and power

What Is Energy Density of a Fuel and Why Does It Matter?

Learn how fuel energy density is defined and calculated, and why it affects fuel mass, storage, transport, efficiency, and IB Physics exam answers.

A.3 Work, energy and power

What's the Relationship Between Work and Energy Transfer?

Learn how work transfers energy, calculate work using force and displacement, and avoid common misconceptions in IB Physics exam responses.

A.3 Work, energy and power

How Do You Calculate Elastic Potential Energy in a Spring?

Learn how to calculate a spring's elastic potential energy using E = 1/2 k(Δx)^2, with correct SI units, a worked example, and IB Physics exam tips.

A.3 Work, energy and power

What's the Difference Between Kinetic Energy, Gravitational Potential Energy, and Elastic Potential Energy?

Learn how kinetic, gravitational potential, and elastic potential energy differ, with IB Physics equations, examples, and exam tips for SL and HL.

A.3 Work, energy and power

What Is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

Learn the law of conservation of energy, distinguish total from mechanical energy, and apply energy-transfer equations in IB Physics calculations.

A.2 Forces and momentum

Why Is F = ma Not Always Valid When Mass Changes?

Learn why F = ma fails for changing-mass systems, how momentum transfer modifies the equation, and what IB Physics students should show in exam answers.

A.2 Forces and momentum

What's the Difference Between Linear Speed and Angular Velocity in Circular Motion?

Learn how linear speed and angular velocity differ, how v = omega r connects them, and how IB Physics exam questions test both concepts at SL and HL.

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