Virtue-based ethics judges morality primarily through the character of the moral agent, deontological ethics through duties or rules, and teleological ethics through the ends or consequences of an action. Put simply, they emphasize who you are, what you do, and what results.
How the Theories Differ
These are three major approaches within normative ethics, the branch concerned with how people ought to act and live.
| Ethical approach | Central moral question | Main basis for judgment |
|---|---|---|
| Virtue-based ethics | What would a virtuous person do? | The agent's character and virtues |
| Deontological ethics | What is my duty? | The action's conformity to moral duties or principles |
| Teleological or consequentialist ethics | Which action produces the best outcome? | The action's ends or consequences |
In virtue ethics, associated with Aristotle, virtues such as courage, justice, and generosity are stable character traits. Practical wisdom guides appropriate action in context toward eudaimonia, or human flourishing.
In deontological ethics, associated with Immanuel Kant, actions are required or prohibited regardless of consequences. Kant tests the maxim behind an action using the categorical imperative. Lying may remain wrong despite beneficial results if its maxim cannot be consistently universalized.
Teleological theories judge actions by their goals or ends. Consequentialism is the dominant form: utilitarianism, for example, selects the action that maximizes overall happiness or well-being.
A common misconception is that virtue ethics ignores actions and consequences. It considers both, but makes the agent's character and judgment primary. “Teleological” is broader than “consequentialist” because it refers generally to evaluation by ends.
Exam Technique
In an IB Philosophy response, identify each theory's criterion of moral rightness, apply all three to one example, and evaluate their strengths and limitations. Do not merely list definitions; explain why the theories may recommend different actions. Use precise terminology and sustain comparison throughout the argument.
