A static IP address remains fixed unless it is deliberately changed, whereas a dynamic IP address is assigned temporarily and may change when a device reconnects or its allocation is renewed.
An IP address is a logical numerical identifier assigned to a device's network interface. It allows data packets to be addressed and routed across a network, linking this distinction to IB Computer Science subtopic A2.3 Data transmissions.
A static IP address is normally configured by a network administrator or reserved for a particular device. Because other devices can consistently locate it at the same address, it is useful for servers, printers and other network resources that must remain reliably accessible.
A dynamic IP address is usually allocated automatically by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server. The DHCP server assigns the address for a limited period called a lease. When the lease expires or the device reconnects, the address may be renewed or replaced, although it does not necessarily change every time.
| Feature | Static IP address | Dynamic IP address |
|---|---|---|
| Address assignment | Manually configured or reserved | Automatically assigned by DHCP |
| Address stability | Remains the same until deliberately changed | May change after lease renewal or reconnection |
| Administration | Requires more configuration and management | Easier to manage across many client devices |
| Typical use | Web servers, mail servers and network printers | Laptops, phones and ordinary client devices |
| Main advantage | Consistent access to the device | Efficient, scalable address allocation |
| Main disadvantage | Greater administrative effort | Less suitable when a permanent address is required |
A common misconception is that a static IP address is automatically more secure. It is not: security depends on controls such as authentication, firewalls and encryption, not simply whether an IP address changes.
Exam technique: For a "distinguish" question, state both sides of the difference: static addresses remain fixed, while dynamic addresses are allocated temporarily by DHCP and may change. Include a suitable use case for each if additional marks are available.
