Digital systems can intensify conflict, support peacebuilding and strengthen security. However, the same system may protect one community while increasing surveillance, disruption or insecurity for another.
This is an HL-only area within governance and human rights. Digital systems create, store, process and distribute data, so they influence who possesses information, who can communicate and who can exercise power during conflict.
| Role | How digital systems contribute | Main opportunities and risks |
|---|---|---|
| Conflict | Cyberattacks can disrupt infrastructure, while digital media can distribute propaganda or document violence. Autonomous technologies may also support military operations. | Systems may reduce risks to soldiers, but cyberattacks can affect civilians and cross national borders. |
| Peace | Communication platforms, satellite data and crisis-mapping systems can support negotiation, humanitarian coordination and early warning. | Greater information access may prevent violence, but false or manipulated information can undermine trust. |
| Security | Encryption, biometric identification and network monitoring can protect data, borders and public services. | Security may improve, but surveillance can threaten privacy, expression and human rights. |
System: NotPetya was destructive malware that exploited interconnected computer networks. Example specifics: In 2017, it initially spread through compromised Ukrainian accounting software before disrupting organizations internationally, including shipping company Maersk.
Impacts and implications: Its impacts included disabled computers, interrupted operations and major financial losses. Its implications include the risk that cyber operations aimed at one country can spread through global networks and harm civilians and businesses outside the original conflict. This demonstrates systems, because interconnected elements produce unintended consequences, and values and ethics, because governments must balance security, accountability and civilian protection.
A common misconception is that digital systems are either weapons or solutions. In reality, outcomes depend on their design, users, governance and political context.
For an IB discuss or evaluate response, present competing perspectives and distinguish completed impacts from future implications. Use a specific real-world example, explain its connection to the question, and compare the interests of at least two stakeholder groups rather than referring vaguely to “society.”
