The correspondence theory makes truth depend on agreement with reality, the coherence theory on consistency within a system of beliefs, and the pragmatist theory on successful practical consequences or inquiry. Each therefore uses a different criterion for truth.
| Theory | Criterion of truth | Example and central objection |
|---|---|---|
| Correspondence | A proposition is true if it corresponds to an objective fact or state of affairs. | “Snow is white” is true if snow is actually white. The correspondence between language and mind-independent reality can be difficult to explain. |
| Coherence | A proposition is true if it fits within a comprehensive, logically connected system of beliefs. | A historical claim is supported when it agrees with documents, dates, and background knowledge. Yet incompatible systems might each be internally coherent. |
| Pragmatist | A proposition is true when accepting it proves successful through practical application and continued inquiry. | A scientific theory counts as true insofar as it predicts observations and guides action. However, usefulness may not equal truth. |
The theories differ because each identifies a different truth-maker or test. Correspondence looks outward to reality; coherence looks sideways to relationships among beliefs; pragmatism looks forward to consequences and inquiry.
A common misconception is that coherence means simple non-contradiction. A coherent system also requires explanatory connections and mutual support among propositions. Pragmatism likewise does not mean that any personally convenient belief is true; practical success must withstand evidence, experience, and sustained communal inquiry.
These theories can complement one another. A scientific claim may correspond with facts, cohere with established theories, and generate successful predictions. Yet they remain distinct because they define truth differently.
Exam technique: Define each theory, apply all three to one proposition, and evaluate one objection. Explain whether coherence and practical success constitute truth or only evidence of correspondence. Link this distinction to the nature of knowledge.
