Cloud computing provides processing, storage, applications, or other computing resources from remote data centres through a network, usually the internet. Edge computing places processing closer to where data is generated, reducing the need to send every item of data to a remote server.
How the Two Models Work
In cloud computing, a client device sends data across a network to servers managed by a cloud provider. These servers process or store the data and return results. Cloud systems provide scalability, meaning resources can be increased or decreased according to demand.
In edge computing, an edge device or local server processes data near its source. For example, a factory sensor may send readings to a local gateway that immediately identifies unsafe conditions. Only summaries or selected data may then be uploaded to the cloud.
| Factor | Cloud computing | Edge computing |
|---|---|---|
| Processing location | Remote data centre | Near the data source |
| Latency | Usually higher because data travels farther | Usually lower because processing is local |
| Bandwidth use | Can be high when large volumes are uploaded | Reduced because data can be filtered locally |
| Capacity | Large, scalable pools of resources | More limited local resources |
| Internet dependence | Often requires reliable connectivity | Can continue some processing without connectivity |
| Management | Centralized updates and administration | Many distributed devices may be harder to manage |
The approaches are not mutually exclusive. A self-driving vehicle could process collision warnings at the edge because an immediate response is required, while sending journey data to the cloud for long-term storage and large-scale analysis.
A common misconception is that edge computing replaces cloud computing. In practice, many systems use a hybrid architecture: time-critical processing occurs at the edge, while resource-intensive processing and centralized storage occur in the cloud.
IB Exam Technique
For an IB compare question, identify similarities and differences using linked points. Do not state only that the cloud is “online.” Compare processing location and explain its consequences for latency, bandwidth, scalability, connectivity, privacy, or reliability in the given scenario.
