Understanding the Enlightenment in IB History
In IB History, the Enlightenment refers to an intellectual and philosophical movement in 18th-century Europe that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights over tradition and religious authority.
Known as the “Age of Reason,” it laid the foundations for modern democracy, secularism, and human rights — making it essential background for IB History topics such as Revolutions, Liberalism, and Human Rights Movements.
Historical Context | The Roots of the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment emerged in the late 1600s and 1700s, building upon earlier developments like:
- The Scientific Revolution: Discoveries by Galileo, Newton, and Kepler promoted rational observation and experimentation.
- Renaissance humanism: Encouraged focus on human potential and classical learning.
- Religious wars and absolutism: Led thinkers to question authority and search for universal principles of reason and justice.
By the 18th century, European intellectuals known as philosophes sought to reform society through knowledge, tolerance, and progress.
Key Enlightenment Thinkers | IB History Essentials
IB students must know major philosophers and their ideas, as they underpin later revolutions and political systems.
1. John Locke (1632–1704)
- Advocated natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
- Believed government exists to protect these rights and can be overthrown if it fails.
- Influenced the American Declaration of Independence and .
