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Learn how consequentialist ethics and utilitarianism judge environmental actions by outcomes, with an IB ESS example and exam-focused comparison.
Learn how virtue ethics evaluates environmental actions through character, how it differs from other ethical approaches, and how to apply it in HL ESS exams.
Learn how rights-based ethics judges environmental actions, identifies conflicting rights, and supports evaluation in IB ESS HL environmental ethics.
Understand the HL ESS appeal to nature fallacy, why natural does not mean good, with examples, ethical reasoning, and IB exam advice for essays.
Learn how environmental and social justice movements converge through shared ethics, unequal environmental impacts, and named examples for IB ESS HL exams.
Learn what makes ecological and social systems resilient in IB ESS, including diversity, storage size, feedback loops, tipping points, and human impacts.
Learn how environmental, social and economic sustainability interact, with an IB ESS example, a corrected misconception and clear exam-focused application.
Learn why GDP overlooks natural capital, pollution and equity, how Green GDP adjusts national output, and how to apply both in strong IB ESS exam answers.
Learn how human activities reduce ecosystem resilience by decreasing biodiversity and storages, amplifying feedback, and increasing tipping-point risks.
Learn how IB ESS defines sustainability and measures it using indicators, footprints, biocapacity, planetary boundaries, and doughnut economics for exams.
Learn how weak and strong sustainability differ in their treatment of natural capital, substitution, ecological limits, and decisions in IB ESS.
Learn how diversity and larger storages increase system resilience, create time lags, prevent tipping points, and maintain equilibrium in IB ESS.
Learn the Brundtland definition of sustainable development, its three sustainability pillars, and how to apply the concept in IB ESS exam responses.
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