The PETTLEP model of imagery is a framework for making mental rehearsal closely resemble the physical performance of a skill. Its seven elements are Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, and Perspective.
How the PETTLEP model works
PETTLEP is based on functional equivalence: imagery is likely to be more effective when the imagined experience activates psychological and neural processes similar to those involved in actual performance. Athletes should therefore create a vivid, realistic, and individualized simulation rather than simply picture themselves succeeding.
| Element | Application to imagery |
|---|---|
| Physical | Reproduce relevant physical sensations and conditions, such as wearing competition clothing, holding equipment, or adopting the performance posture. |
| Environment | Imagine or recreate the actual performance setting, including sights, sounds, surfaces, and spectators. |
| Task | Image the specific skill and its demands at a level appropriate to the athlete’s ability. |
| Timing | Perform the imagery in real time so its speed matches the physical action. |
| Learning | Adapt the imagery as technique, experience, and skill level develop. |
| Emotion | Include realistic emotions and arousal, such as excitement, confidence, or competitive pressure. |
| Perspective | Use an appropriate internal first-person or external third-person viewpoint. |
For example, a basketball player rehearsing a free throw could stand on a court, hold a ball, wear playing kit, imagine the crowd, feel pre-shot anxiety, and mentally perform the routine at its real speed. The imagery should be updated when the player changes their technique.
A common misconception is that imagery is only visualization. Effective mental imagery can involve visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, and emotional information.