IB Geography

A company which operates in at least two countries.

When wind-borne particles, such as sand, strike rock surfaces, wearing them down over time.

When rocks embedded in the glacier's base scrape against the bedrock, acting like sandpaper.

Absolute poverty is a lack of income or consumption needed to meet a fixed minimum standard of basic needs.

Accessibility refers to how easily people can reach and use a facility.

Adaptive capacity is the ability of people, institutions or systems to adjust to climate risks, limit damage and recover.

Adventure tourism offers activities like safaris and glacier treks.

Adventure tourism focuses on physically challenging activities that push boundaries and offer unforgettable experiences.

Affluence refers to the availability of wealth and resources, enabling individuals to access a wider range of leisure activities.

An ageing population is one in which the share of people at older ages is rising. It is driven mainly by falling fertility, which narrows the base of the population pyramid, and reinforced by longer survival, which widens its top. The number of younger people need not fall, because a population can age while its child numbers are still growing, as across much of Africa.

Agribusiness is the network of commercial activities that supplies farms, produces food and fibres, and processes, transports and sells agricultural products.

Fan-shaped deposits of sediment found at the base of slopes, formed by flash floods.

Government strategies designed to reduce birth rates and, consequently, reduce and control population growth.

A ranking that evaluates cities worldwide based on their global influence and connectivity.

The atmosphere is an open energy system that receives solar radiation (insolation) from the Sun.

Below replacement level fertility rate refers to a situation where the average number of children born per woman is less than 2.1, which is the number needed to replace the existing population without considering mortality rates.

Bid rent is the maximum rent an activity can pay for a location while still covering its other costs.

Biocapacity is the ability of biologically productive land and water to regenerate renewable resources and absorb wastes, especially carbon dioxide.

Collection of ecosystems with its habitats characterized by similar climatic conditions, such as temperature and precipitation, vegetation types, and animal communities.

A Boserupian perspective argues that population pressure can drive technological and agricultural innovation, increasing output.

A brownfield site is a parcel of land previously used for industrial or commercial purposes that may be contaminated by hazardous substances, pollutants, or waste. These sites are often underutilized or abandoned and require environmental remediation before they can be redeveloped or repurposed. Reclaiming brownfield sites is a key component of urban development.

Using recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction after a disaster to reduce future risk, rather than simply restoring the conditions that existed before the event.

Smaller, isolated versions of mesas, often described as mesas in miniature.

A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse-gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an activity, product, person or organization, usually expressed as carbon-dioxide equivalent.