In IB Global Politics, structural violence refers to harm caused not by direct physical force, but by social, political, and economic structures that prevent individuals or groups from meeting their basic needs. Unlike direct violence, structural violence is often invisible, embedded in systems, and normalized over time. It plays a crucial role in understanding inequality, injustice, and long-term conflict.
Structural violence occurs when institutions, laws, or economic systems systematically disadvantage certain groups. Examples include poverty, discrimination, lack of access to healthcare or education, and unequal legal protection. Although no single actor may intend to cause harm, the outcome is widespread suffering and reduced life chances. In IB Global Politics, this highlights how violence can exist without weapons or war.
One key feature of structural violence is that it is indirect and systemic. Unlike physical violence, there is no clear perpetrator. Instead, harm results from how societies are organised. For example, unequal economic systems may trap communities in poverty, while discriminatory laws may deny groups political voice. These structures limit opportunity and dignity over long periods.
Structural violence is closely linked to inequality and injustice. Groups affected by poverty, racism, gender inequality, or marginalisation are more likely to experience preventable illness, hunger, and exclusion. This shows how structural violence intersects with social justice and human rights. In IB analysis, structural violence explains why peace cannot exist simply because fighting has stopped.
Another important aspect is the relationship between structural violence and conflict. Structural violence often creates the conditions for direct violence by generating grievances, resentment, and exclusion. When people are denied basic needs or political participation, they may resist or rebel. From this perspective, structural violence is a root cause of many conflicts.
Structural violence also challenges traditional definitions of peace. A society may experience negative peace, meaning no active war, while structural violence persists. This leads to the idea that positive peace requires addressing structural inequalities, not just ending fighting. IB Global Politics uses this concept to deepen analysis of peace and justice.
However, structural violence is difficult to address. Because it is embedded in institutions and norms, it requires long-term reform rather than quick solutions. Addressing structural violence involves redistributing resources, reforming institutions, and challenging power relations. This makes it politically sensitive and complex.
For IB Global Politics students, understanding structural violence is essential for analysing development, inequality, and peace. High-level answers explain that violence is not only physical, but also structural, and that lasting peace requires transforming the systems that produce harm. Structural violence shows why justice is central to peace, not optional.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is structural violence in simple terms?
Structural violence is harm caused by social and political systems. It prevents people from meeting basic needs. There is no direct attacker, but real suffering occurs.
How is structural violence different from direct violence?
Direct violence involves physical force. Structural violence is indirect and systemic. It operates through institutions and inequality. IB answers should clearly distinguish the two.
Can structural violence exist without war?
Yes, many peaceful societies experience structural violence. Poverty and discrimination can persist without conflict. This is why peace is more than the absence of war.
Why is structural violence important in global politics?
It explains inequality, injustice, and long-term instability. Structural violence often leads to conflict. IB students should link it to development and peace.
How should this topic be answered in exams?
Students should define structural violence clearly and apply it to inequality or peace. Linking it to positive peace strengthens answers. Evaluation improves marks.
