Understanding Metaphors in IB English
In IB English, a metaphor is one of the most important literary devices used to create deeper meaning. A metaphor directly compares two unlike things, saying one is the other, to express abstract ideas, emotions, or relationships.
Metaphors are central to Paper 1 commentaries, Paper 2 comparative essays, and the Individual Oral (IO). Analyzing them effectively shows your ability to interpret authorial choices and conceptual symbolism — key for achieving top marks in the IB criteria.
Definition of a Metaphor | IB Literary Concept
A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes one thing as being another to highlight shared qualities or reveal hidden connections.
Formula:
A = B (without using “like” or “as”).
Example:
- “Time is a thief.” — Suggests time takes away life’s moments as a thief would steal possessions.
- “All the world’s a stage.” — Shakespeare’s As You Like It metaphorically presents life as performance.
IB students should focus not only on identifying metaphors but also on interpreting their purpose — how they build tone, character, and theme.
Types of Metaphors | IB English Framework
1. Direct Metaphor
The simplest form — directly equates two things.
Example: “Her voice is music.”
2. Implied Metaphor
Suggests comparison without stating it explicitly.
Example: “He barked orders” implies a dog without naming it.
