Conflict is the engine of narrative. It creates tension, reveals character, and sets the plot in motion. Resolution, in turn, provides closure—whether harmonious or unsettling—and clarifies the thematic direction of the text. For IB English A Literature students, understanding how conflict and resolution operate is essential for strong analysis. These elements are not merely structural; they express ideas about human nature, society, and emotional struggle. By analyzing conflict carefully, you can uncover deeper patterns that define the meaning of a text.

Why Conflict Matters

Conflict exposes the forces that shape characters’ decisions and desires. It may arise from within the character, between characters, or between individuals and larger social or natural forces. Writers use conflict to:

• drive plot progression
• reveal values and moral questions
• highlight emotional vulnerabilities
• develop character arcs
• raise thematic issues

When you identify the central conflict and how it evolves, you gain insight into the text’s emotional and intellectual core.

Quick Start Checklist

• Identify the primary conflict (internal, external, or both).
• Track how the conflict escalates or transforms.
• Analyze how the conflict shapes character development.
• Examine the resolution’s emotional or thematic implications.
• Connect conflict to tone, structure, and symbol.

Types of Conflict

Internal Conflict

Internal conflict occurs within a character. It reflects emotional tension, moral dilemmas, or psychological struggles. Internal conflict is often expressed through:

• fragmented narration
• shifts in tone
• contradictory behavior
• symbolic imagery

This type of conflict deepens characterization and highlights themes such as identity, guilt, fear, or desire.

External Conflict

External conflict involves forces outside the character, such as:

• interpersonal relationships
• societal expectations
• cultural or political pressures
• environmental challenges

External conflict often drives plot momentum and creates visible tension. It also illuminates the values, fears, or biases that shape the character.

Combined Conflict

In many texts, internal and external conflicts mirror each other. A character’s inner turmoil may reflect wider social tensions, or external pressures may trigger psychological unrest. Recognizing these parallels strengthens your interpretation.

How Conflict Drives Structure

Conflict shapes the structure of a narrative. Exposition introduces tension, rising action complicates it, the climax heightens it, and the resolution addresses it. When analyzing structure, look at:

• where conflict first appears
• moments where tension peaks
• scenes where conflict shifts direction
• the relationship between conflict and pacing

These structural elements reveal the author’s strategy for building emotional and thematic impact.

Resolution: Closure or Continuation?

Resolutions vary widely. Some provide closure, while others leave questions unanswered. What matters is not whether the resolution is neat or ambiguous, but how it addresses the central conflict.

Consider:

• Does the resolution restore order or deepen uncertainty?
• Does the character grow, regress, or remain unresolved?
• Does the ending reinforce or challenge the text’s themes?

A well-analyzed resolution demonstrates that you can connect plot to meaning.

Symbolism and Conflict

Symbols often intensify conflict. Objects, settings, or recurring images may represent opposing forces or emotional dilemmas. For example:

• a locked door may symbolize repression
• a storm may mirror internal chaos
• a bridge may represent transition or decision

Symbolic conflict enriches thematic interpretation and provides strong evidence for analytical essays.

Conflict and Character Development

Conflict reveals who characters truly are. Their responses—courageous, fearful, stubborn, compassionate—reveal their traits more clearly than any description. When analyzing development:

• track changes in behavior or belief
• notice how relationships shift under pressure
• examine emotional or psychological evolution
• explore how conflict exposes hidden motives

Strong character analysis is inseparable from conflict analysis.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does every literary text have a clear resolution?

Not necessarily. Some texts intentionally resist closure to highlight uncertainty or critique social systems. Analyze what the lack of resolution suggests.

Can conflict be subtle?

Yes. Emotional tension, silence, or minor disagreements may signal deeper conflicts beneath the surface.

Should I mention multiple conflicts?

Only if they contribute meaningfully to your argument. Focus on the most significant ones.

Conclusion

Conflict and resolution are central to narrative design. They shape character, reveal theme, and guide the emotional trajectory of a text. For IB English A Literature students, analyzing these elements demonstrates a deep understanding of how stories function and why writers structure them the way they do. By examining tension, transformation, and closure, you can produce insightful essays that capture the heart of literary meaning.