The diagram shows an aerated fermenter commonly used in biotechnology.

sterilizes/kills unwanted microorganisms in the fermenter;

cold water is added to the jacket if the temperature is too high;

a. takes place in (deep-tank) batch fermenters; b. Penicillium (fungus) is grown on sugar/starch/nutrients; c. penicillin is produced when the nutrients are used up; d. penicillin secreted by the fungus is separated and purified; e. occurs under aerobic conditions/Penicillium is an obligate aerobe;