Current and projected total fertility rates by region
Using Figure 3 identify the region with the highest fertility rate in the period 2005–2010.
[1]Sub-Saharan Africa.
1 mark
Outline two possible reasons for the projected change in total fertility rate in Sub-Saharan Africa in the period 2045–2050.
[2]Award 1 mark for each of the following, 2 marks max:
- increased level of education;
- emancipation/empowerment/greater independence of women economically/in having children;
- material ambition/increased economic cost of large families / urbanization;
- decrease in need to use children for labour; (due to increased mechanization of agriculture)
- (increased foreign funding toward) spread of family planning/ contraception;
- reduced child mortality (due to health improvements) would allow having less children;
- political decision/governmental initiatives to reduce young dependents and improve development / increased implementation of anti-natalist policies.
Note: TFR is an average figure per capita so responses making reference to overall size of population are irrelevant and should not be credited.
Identify two reasons for the projected increase in total fertility rate in Europe by the period 2045–2050.
[2]Award 1 mark for each of the following, 2 marks max:
- pronatal policies/governmental incentives (to address economic issues/increasing dependency ratio/international competition);
eg reduced taxation/financial support for extra children; - longer maternity/paternity leave;
- better day-care facilities/nurseries for infants/more flexible working hours for parents with small children;
Do not credit ‘migration’. This may affect growth rate but would have an uncertain effect on TFR (unless candidates include the conditions of the migration coming from a country with high TFR that is subsequently maintained in host-country).
