Resource scarcity is a major challenge explored in IB Geography, particularly within the Global Resource Consumption and Security unit. Resource scarcity occurs when demand for a resource exceeds its available supply, either due to physical limits or unequal access. Scarcity threatens sustainable development, which aims to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own.

One of the most significant ways resource scarcity threatens sustainable development is through limited access to basic needs. Water scarcity affects drinking water supplies, sanitation, agriculture, and energy production. When water is scarce, food production declines, health outcomes worsen, and economic activity is restricted. This makes it difficult for countries to achieve long-term social and economic development.

Energy scarcity also poses a serious threat. Reliable energy is essential for industry, healthcare, education, and infrastructure. In regions where energy access is limited or expensive, economic growth slows and inequality increases. Communities may rely on unsustainable energy sources such as biomass, leading to deforestation and environmental degradation. This creates a cycle where resource scarcity further damages ecosystems and reduces future resource availability.

Food scarcity undermines development by increasing malnutrition, food insecurity, and poverty. As populations grow and climate change affects agricultural productivity, competition for fertile land and water intensifies. Food shortages can lead to higher prices, making basic nutrition unaffordable for vulnerable populations. This reduces workforce productivity and limits human development.

Resource scarcity can also contribute to social and political instability. Competition for scarce resources may increase tensions within and between countries, particularly where resources cross national borders. Water scarcity in shared river basins, for example, can create conflict between upstream and downstream users. Instability discourages investment and disrupts development efforts.

In IB Geography, it is important to recognise that scarcity is not always caused by a lack of physical resources. Economic and political scarcity occurs when resources exist but are inaccessible due to poor governance, inequality, or conflict. This highlights the importance of management and distribution, not just availability.

Environmental impacts further threaten sustainability. Overexploitation of scarce resources can lead to soil degradation, deforestation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. These environmental damages reduce the ability of ecosystems to provide resources in the future, undermining the long-term goals of sustainable development.

Overall, resource scarcity threatens sustainable development by limiting access to essential resources, increasing inequality, and damaging the environment. Addressing scarcity requires efficient management, equitable distribution, and long-term planning.

RevisionDojo helps IB Geography students understand the links between resource scarcity and sustainable development, supporting clear explanations and strong evaluation in exam-style responses.