Inequality is a major barrier to human development and is a key concept in IB Geography, particularly within the Human Development and Diversity unit. Inequality refers to uneven access to income, resources, opportunities, and services within and between countries. High levels of inequality can limit improvements in quality of life, even where economic growth is strong.

One of the most significant ways inequality affects human development is through unequal access to healthcare and education. In highly unequal societies, wealthier groups are more likely to access high-quality medical care and schooling, while poorer populations may face overcrowded schools, limited healthcare facilities, and higher mortality rates. This restricts social mobility and prevents large sections of the population from reaching their full potential.

Income inequality also influences living conditions and well-being. Low-income households often experience poor housing, inadequate sanitation, and food insecurity. These conditions increase vulnerability to disease and reduce life expectancy. In contrast, wealthier groups benefit from safer environments, better nutrition, and greater security. As a result, national averages may suggest moderate development while large inequalities persist beneath the surface.

In IB Geography, gender inequality is a particularly important dimension. Where women and girls have limited access to education, employment, and political participation, overall human development is reduced. Educating women improves health outcomes, lowers fertility rates, and increases household incomes. Gender inequality therefore slows progress across multiple development indicators.

Inequality also affects economic opportunities. When wealth and resources are concentrated among a small elite, many people are excluded from formal employment, credit, and entrepreneurship. This limits productivity and economic growth while increasing dependence on informal or insecure work. Societies with high inequality often experience social tension and reduced trust, further undermining development.

Regional inequality within countries can be just as damaging as national inequality. Urban areas often receive greater investment in infrastructure and services than rural regions. This creates uneven development, encouraging rural-to-urban migration and placing pressure on cities while rural areas fall further behind.

In IB Geography exams, strong answers recognise that inequality reduces the effectiveness of development. Economic growth alone cannot improve human development if benefits are not distributed fairly. Reducing inequality through education, healthcare access, and inclusive economic policies is essential for long-term progress.

Overall, inequality limits human development by restricting access to essential services, reducing opportunities, and reinforcing social divisions. Addressing inequality is therefore central to achieving sustainable and inclusive development.

RevisionDojo helps IB Geography students understand the impact of inequality clearly, supporting balanced evaluation and high-level exam responses.