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The Industrial Revolution
Pre-industrial economies and society
Industrial technologies and mechanisation
Urbanisation and demographic change
Labour, working conditions and class systems
Industrialisation and global impact
Innovation and Social Change
Scientific and technological advancements
Inventions that reshaped society
Communication and transportation developments
Social reforms driven by innovation
Trade and Global Exchange
Historical trade networks
Colonial and imperial trade systems
Globalisation of markets
Exploitation, inequality and economic dependence
Everyday Life in the Modern Era
Housing, work and leisure
Gender roles and family structures
Technology in daily life
Social policy and quality of life
Health and Medical Developments
Public health before modern medicine
Medical discoveries and breakthroughs
Epidemics, pandemics and responses
Healthcare systems and access
Social and Cultural Movements
Artistic and literary movements
Cultural identity and expression
Social reform movements
Youth and counterculture movements
Ideas and Ideologies
Enlightenment and early political thought
Liberalism, conservatism and socialism
Nationalism and identity
Ideologies in the 20th century
War, Conflict and Peacemaking
Causes of major conflicts
Impacts of war on societies
Peace processes and diplomacy
International conflict resolution
Empires and Supranational Organizations
Rise and governance of empires
Imperialism and colonisation
Decolonisation and independence movements
Supranational institutions
Nationalist Movements
Origins of nationalism
Independence and unification movements
National identity and political change
Case studies of nationalist movements
Civil Rights and Social Protest
Civil rights struggles
Social justice movements
Protest strategies and activism
Government responses and reforms
Individual Agency in History
Leadership and influence
Grassroots change and community action
Innovators and disruptors
Ethical decision-making and responsibility
Consequences of Inaction
Political inaction and governance failures
Humanitarian crises
Environmental neglect
Social and economic consequences
