MYP MYP Chemistry

Activation energy ($E_a$) is the minimum amount of energy that reacting particles must have for a chemical reaction to start.

Measured mass or amount of product actually obtained from a chemical reaction in an experiment. This is usually less than the calculated maximum (theoretical yield) due to incomplete reactions or material loss during processes like filtering or transferring

Organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to a carbon atom in a hydrocarbon chain.

Hydrocarbons (compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen), which contain only single bonds between carbon atoms (C–C)

Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond (C=C).

1 atomic mass unit (1 u) is defined as one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

It defines which element the atom is by indicating the number of protons in the nucleus.

For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

Charles’s Law describes how the volume of a gas changes with temperature when pressure is constant.

Symbolic representation showing the elements in a substance and their numbers or ratios.

Separates components of a mixture based on (1) their solubility in a mobile phase (e.g. solvent) and (2) their adsorption (attraction/attachment) to a stationary phase (e.g. paper).

A colloid is a mixture where particles are larger than in a solution, but still small enough to remain dispersed and not settle quickly.

It describes how much a substance can decrease in volume when external pressure is applied.

The number of coordinate bonds formed between the central metal ion and the ligands.

Corrosion is a slow, continuous deterioration of metals caused by reactions with substances in the environment, such as oxygen, water, acids, salts (electrolytes).

Occurs between non-metal atoms that share electrons so each achieves a full outer shell.

Forms when non-metal atoms share electrons. It may form small molecules (like $CO_2$) or giant covalent structures (like diamond).

It explains how much matter is packed into a certain volume.

The process in which particles spread from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A displacement reaction happens when a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from one of its compounds (usually a solution of a salt).

Separates liquids (or a liquid from dissolved solids) using differences in boiling point.

A simple electrochemical cell (also called a voltaic or galvanic cell) converts chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy.

Electron affinity is the energy change when one mole of electrons is added to one mole of gaseous atoms, forming one mole of gaseous 1− ions.