1. Empirical Evidence & the Scientific Method
Natural sciences rely heavily on empirical evidence—observation, experimentation, and data collection. This distinguishes scientific knowledge from other AOKs. Learn how to evaluate empirical reasoning and frame it in essays using our IB Theory of Knowledge Requirements Explained.
2. Provisional Knowledge & Paradigm Shifts
Scientific knowledge evolves as new discoveries challenge existing theories. The concept of paradigm shifts helps explain how accepted models are replaced. For help writing about evolving knowledge in science, check out our 10‑Step Guide to Writing a Good TOK Essay.
3. Falsifiability & Robust Theory Testing
A unique strength of science is its emphasis on falsifiability—claims must be testable and potentially disproven. Learn how to include this in essay structures using our Comprehensive TOK Presentation Tips.
4. Causation, Validity, and Reliability in Science
Scientific research often aims to establish causation, but challenges arise around validity and reliability of methods. Our Structuring for Success in IB TOK Essays guide helps you evaluate these limitations with clarity.
