Discuss the role of hormones on glucose uptake during physical activity.
during physical activity insulin is inhibited
OR
during physical activity increased levels of sympathetic nervous system hormones«catecholamines» inhibits the release of insulin ✔
insulin’s role is to increase glucose uptake by muscle for glucose storage/ glycogenesis ✔
during physical activity adrenaline is released ✔
adrenaline stimulates glucose uptake «for glucose to be used» ✔
adrenaline promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose/ glycogenolysis ✔
adrenaline promotes lipolysis/ catabolism of fatty acids ✔
when glucose levels in blood drop during physical activity glucagon is released ✔
glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose/ glycogenolysis ✔
during physical activity glucose uses transporters (GLUT4) ✔
vesicles containing GLUT4 are mobilised to the plasma membrane by physical activity ✔
Using an example, discuss the effect of experience and memory on focused attention.
Experience:
more experienced players can better use their long-term memory to improve their
focused attention ✔
experienced players selectively attend to stimuli quicker than less experienced players ✔
focused attention can be improved through over-learning ✔
more experienced players better filter stimuli into relevant and irrelevant«noise» ✔
Memory:
the apparent limited capacity of the short-term memory indicates that there is some form of focused attention to prioritise stimuli ✔
focused attention operates in the short-term sensory store ✔
only relevant information is passed to the short-term memory ✔
more long-term memories provide a greater source to draw from for focused attention ✔
long-term memory will enable a person to attend quickly to the correct stimuli in future situations ✔
Award for experience or memory
Award if there is no link to a sporting example
Apply a phase analysis model to a sports technique.
For example, tennis serve:
preparation phase contains all of the movements to prepare the athlete for the skill(eg grip, stance, ball position) ✔
retraction phase is the wind up to the main action (eg backswing) ✔
action phase is the aspect of the model that most contributes to the technique (eg downswing) ✔
follow-through is the final part of the sequence, following the main action (eg follow-through of racket after contact) ✔
Award per phase.
Award for list.
Same example must be applied to each part of the model.
Using an example, describe the stages of learning a skill.
Stages:
cognitive/verbal stage, associative/motor stage, autonomous stage ✔
Cognitive/verbal stage:
the activity is completely new to the learner/they are in the beginning/initial stage of the learning continuum ✔
performance is highly variable/shows a lack of consistency from one attempt to the next ✔
learners are less likely to self-correct/ require an external coach to provide feedback ✔
during the cognitive stage of learning, the beginner focuses on cognitively-orientated problems, for example, body position for skill execution/ how fast should I move this arm / rules of the game ✔
the change in the rate of improvement is faster in the cognitive stage ✔
Associative/motor stage:
a performer practices the task and can associate their movements with the mental image of the skill ✔
a performer begins to “feel” what a good performance is like kinaesthetically
OR
a performer begins to detect and correct errors in their performance/ begins to develop consistent movements ✔
Autonomous stage:
reaction time is shorter as motor programmes are well learnt «stored in long-term memory» ✔
skills appear automatic/instinctive as attention is focused elsewhere ‹for example on tactics, the move or pass or shot and on using fakes› ✔
a performer judges their own performance and is able to make changes without external feedback from a coach ✔
a performer will perform with a greater level of skill/consistency/accuracy/fluency / as they get closer to the autonomous stage ✔
Award for each stage.
Award if no example used.
Award for an example for a stage.
