Solved: Describe the extrinsic regulation of the sinoatrial (SA) node as an athlete... [IB Sports, exercise and health science (SEHS)]

Describe the extrinsic regulation of the sinoatrial (SA) node as an athlete begins a warm-up.

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Receptors:Sub Max $2$ \nchemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 ✔\n\nbaroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure ✔\n\nproprioceptors detect an increase in muscular movement ✔\n\n_Autonomic nervous system_:Sub Max $2$ \ninformation is received by the medulla oblongata ✔\n\nthe sympathetic nervous system < accelerator nerve > sends a signal to the SA node ✔\n\nSA node increases firing to increase HR ✔

Outline strategies a long-distance runner could use to reduce the risk of infection.

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ensure that the athlete plans sufficient recovery within their training/avoid overtraining \n_OR_ \nensure that the athlete achieves sufficient sleep ✔\n\nmaintain a varied diet providing suitable vitamins and minerals \n_OR_ \nensure the athlete maintains fluid levels ✔\n\ndrink pathogen-free water \n_OR_ \nmaintain good food hygiene standards when preparing food ✔\n\nathlete maintains good personal hygiene \n_OR_ \nmaintains oral hygiene ✔\n\nminimize/avoid contact with infectious individuals ✔\n\ndo not train during illness ✔

Suggest how an aerobic 1500 m endurance athlete uses the principles of overload.

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overload is the increase of stress on the body during exercise training to bring about desired adaptations \n_OR_ \nforcing the body to work harder/more intense/longer than normal ✔\n\nfrequency, intensity, time (type) are principles of overload ✔\n\nas adaptation takes place, a further increase in training load is required to stimulate further increases ✔\n\n_Frequency:_ \n_eg_ 1500 m athlete could increase their frequency of training to 4 times a week instead of 3 ✔\n\n_Intensity:_ \n_eg_ 1500 m athlete could change from working at 70 % MHR to 75 % MHR ✔\n\n_eg_ include hill running rather than just road/track ✔\n\n_Time:_ \n_eg_ 1500 m athlete could run for 30 minutes instead of 25 minutes ✔

Describe two functions of the skin.

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Regulation of body temperature: \nproduction of sweat for heat loss ✔\n\nhairs erect to trap air to reduce heat loss ✔\n\nvasodilation of blood vessels to the skin to release heat \n_OR_ \nvasoconstriction of blood vessels to the skin to conserve heat ✔\n\n_Protection and immunity_: \na barrier to microorganisms ✔\n\na barrier to physical trauma ✔\n\nreduces harmful effects of radiation ✔\n\n_Sensation_: \ncontains nerves that relay information about the environment, such as heat, cold and sensing touch or pain ✔\n\n_Excretion_: \nwaste material, such as urea / uric acid / water / ammonia through sweat ✔\n\n_Synthesis of vitamin D_: \norganic chemical within the skin reacts with UVB ultraviolet light to synthesize vitamin D ✔

Identify one effect on the immune system of training for a long-distance race.

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decrease in innate and adaptive immune functions✔\n\ndue to increases in levels of cortisol and adrenaline over long periods ✔\n\nlow concentrations of lymphocytes ✔\n\nleucocytes may drop compared to sedentary individuals ✔

Evaluate the multistage fitness test as a method of assessing aerobic capacity in a long-distance runner.

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Strengths:Sub Max $3$ \nthe test has validity/reliability for predicting VO2 max/ assessing aerobic capacity✔\n\na number of participants can be assessed simultaneously ✔\n\nrelatively limited cost/equipment required ✔\n\nrelatively easy to administer ✔\n\n_Limitations_:Sub Max** $3$ ** \ndue to the regular turning required it is more specific to games-based athletes✔\n\nrequires motivation of athletes to reach volitional exhaustion ✔\n\nmaximal test can place participants at risk ✔\n\nadministrators need to ensure cheating doesn’t occur/follow strict protocol ✔\n\nnot specific for long-distance runners ✔\n\nMSFT score is converted to estimate VO2 max \n_OR_ \nnot a direct measure of VO2 max ✔

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