Question
HLPaper 2
1.[4]
Using a sporting example, discuss how the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebrum assist an athlete’s performance.
Verified
Solution
Frontal Lobe
- Involved with reasoning and motivation, planning, emotions and problem-solving
1 mark - Contains the speech and movement motor areas
1 mark - Example: An athlete will use this to help them plan a move and communicate it to their team members
1 mark
Temporal Lobe
- Auditory sensory and association area
1 mark - Involved with many aspects of long-term and visual memory
1 mark - Example: An athlete will use this area to take in the sounds that they hear for processing and further action
1 mark
2.[6]
Outline features of the three different types of muscle found in the body.
Verified
Solution
Skeletal Muscle Features
- Voluntary movement / stimulated by motor nerves
1 mark - Striated fibers
1 mark - Cells are bundled together by outer layers of tissue / fascia
1 mark - Multinucleated cells
1 mark - Have tension and stretch receptors
1 mark - Attaches to bones via tendons e.g. biceps and triceps
1 mark
Cardiac Muscle Features
- Involuntary movement / stimulated by autonomic nerves
1 mark - Cells are connected by branching network
1 mark - Single nucleus cells
1 mark - Striated fibers
1 mark - Only found in heart
1 mark
Smooth Muscle Features
- Involuntary movement / stimulated by autonomic nerves
1 mark - Not striated
1 mark - Single nucleus cells
1 mark - Found in hollow tubes e.g. digestive system / vascular system
1 mark
3.[6]
Analyse the structure of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres.
Verified
Solution
Slow-twitch muscle fibres
- Have a high density of capillaries
1 mark - High myoglobin count
1 mark - Large number of mitochondria
1 mark - Smaller fibre diameter
1 mark - High triglyceride stores
1 mark - Low levels of glycogen storage
1 mark - Low ATP & PC store
1 mark - Underdeveloped sarcoplasmic reticulum
1 mark
Fast-twitch muscle fibres
- Less density of capillaries
1 mark - Lower myoglobin count
1 mark - Fewer mitochondria
1 mark - High levels of glycogen stored
1 mark - Large fibre diameter
1 mark - High ATP & PC store
1 mark - Developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
1 mark
4.[4]
The skin is the largest organ of the body. Outline four functions of the skin that maintain health.
Verified
Solution
Body Temperature Regulation
- Through the movement of blood to the skin region where the blood can be exposed to cooler air temperatures
1 mark - Through evaporation of sweat
1 mark - Hairs erect to trap air to reduce heat loss
1 mark
Protection and Immunity
- Acts as a protective boundary where diseases cannot enter
1 mark - Protection from impacts
1 mark - Reduces the effect of radiation/sunlight/UV rays
1 mark
Sensation
- Skin has nerves for sensing pressure, temperature, pain and this acts as further protection and helps with carrying out everyday tasks
1 mark
Excretion from Sweat Glands
- Eccrine which are involved in temperature control
1 mark - Excrete waste materials such as ammonia/urea/uric acid/water
1 mark - Sebaceous glands secrete sebum as water repellent and antibacterial/antifungal agent
1 mark - Apocrine produce a sweat high in fatty proteins
1 mark
Synthesis (Making) of Vitamin D
- Vitamin D is a hormone which is made in the epidermis when sunlight penetrates it
1 mark
