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    Question
    HLPaper 3
    1.

    Biathlon is a winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Discuss the possible effects of wine on a biathlete’s performance.

    Verified
    Solution

    Positive effects:
    reduced tremors;

    Negative effects:
    distorted balance/coordination;

    impaired cardiac function;

    reduced power/speed/strength;

    inhibited cognitive processing/reaction time;

    inhibition of gluconeogenesis;

    lowers body temperature;

    impairs vision/blurred vision and loss of control eye movement that impairs judgement;

    causes dehydration which can impair performance;

    2.

    Describe the physiological effects of excess wine on the body.

    Verified
    Solution

    Acute:
    hydration and kidney function;

    cardiovascular system;

    thermoregulation;

    neurologic systems;

    dehydration caused by the effect of wine on the release of ADH / loss of coordination / reduced ability to concentrate;

    reduced inhibitions «become more aggressive»;

    markedly reduced heart rate, potentially leading to unconsciousness or coma;

    cognitive impairment / slurred speech/vision impairment;

    vasodilation to the skin;

    decreased blood viscosity;

    reduced core body temperature;

    raised blood pressure;

    Chronic:
    liver damage including jaundice/cirrhosis/liver cancer/liver failure;

    damage to the kidneys;

    heart disease/cardiomyopathy;

    wine-related brain damage/confusion/depression/forgetfulness;

    chronic pancreatitis;

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