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Brownian motion
The random jittery motion of small visible particles (like smoke or pollen) caused by countless random collisions with much smaller molecules in a gas or liquid.
Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat through particle collisions.
Convection
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy through the movement of fluid particles, driven by differences in density.
Evaporation
Evaporation is a phase change in which a liquid turns into a gas at temperatures below its boiling point.
Heat
Heat is energy transferred between objects due to a difference in temperature.
Heat transfer
The movement of thermal energy from one object or region to another due to a temperature difference.
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.
Kinetic theory
A model of matter (especially gases) in which particles are in constant random motion and macroscopic properties like temperature and pressure arise from their collisions.
Phase diagram
A phase diagram shows which state of matter exists under different temperature and pressure conditions.
Radiation
Transfer of heat through infrared radiation, where the body radiates heat into the surroundings or absorbs heat from warmer objects or the sun.
Specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C (or 1 K).
Sublimation
A change of state in which a substance transitions directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state.
Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot an object is, linked to the average kinetic energy of its particles.
Thermal physics
The branch of physics that studies temperature, heat energy, and how energy transfers due to temperature differences, often using particle (kinetic) models of matter.
Thermal radiation
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by matter due to its temperature, transferring energy without needing contact or a material medium.