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3D tissue printing
A technique that uses living cells and biomaterials to build biological structures layer by layer.
Bioreactor
A controlled system that supplies oxygen, nutrients, and conditions needed for living cells to survive and grow.
Cloning
The process of producing genetically identical copies of a cell or organism using natural or artificial methods.
Genetic modification
The process by which humans alter the DNA of an organism by inserting, removing, or changing specific genes to produce desired traits.
Genome map
A diagram showing the positions of genes or markers along DNA.
Mitochondrial DNA
A small circular genome in mitochondria, inherited only from the mother.
Recombinant DNA
DNA formed by combining genetic material from two different organisms.
Sequencing
Reading the nucleotide order (A, T, C, G) in DNA.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
A cloning technique in which the nucleus from an adult body cell is inserted into an enucleated egg cell to form an embryo.
Stem cells
Unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into many different specialized cell types.
Example
Totipotency
The ability of a cell to develop into any type of cell and form a complete organism.